@article { author = {Arab, Abdolbaset and Arab Yousofabadi, Faeze and Hossini, Seyed Bagher}, title = {The Psychological Comparative of Seght Al-Zand by Abul Ala Al-Ma'arri and Rudaki's Court Poet based on Max Lüscher's Theory}, journal = {Journal of Arabic Language & Literature}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1-24}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7217}, eissn = {2383-2681}, doi = {10.22067/jall.v11i2.45820}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works with languages and artistic traditions, so as to understand cultures from the inside. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that language is spoken. The characteristically intercultural and transnational field of comparative literature concerns itself with the relation between literature, broadly defined, and other spheres of human activity, including history, politics, philosophy, art, and science. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years or so.  However, its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC. In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism and functionalism have since been replaced by several dominant and influential approaches to psychology, each one underpinned by a shared set of assumptions of what people are like, what is important to study and how to study it. Theoretical Framework An interest of psychology, and particularly applied psychology in the impact of color on human functioning has a long history; however, it has fairly limited research achievements. Some more systematic empirical studies in the field appeared at the end of the last century; however, many of them suffer from methodological shortcomings and fail to encompass a correlational analysis which is a norm in modern psychology. Therefore, it seems particularly worthwhile for us to present a comprehensive review of research to date in applied psychology dealing with the issue of color. The past decade has seen enhanced interest in research in the area of color and psychological functioning. Progress has been made on both theoretical and empirical fronts, but there are also weaknesses on both of these fronts that must be attended to for this research area to continue to make progress. In the following, I briefly review both advances and weaknesses in the literature on color and psychological functioning. Despite many methodological problems, colors have long been used in psychological diagnoses. Many instruments have been developed, such as the Max Lüscher color test (1971). It's common for a sighted person to wonder what blind people see or for a blind person to wonder whether the experience is the same for others without sight. There is no single answer to the question, "What do blind people see?" because there are different degrees of blindness. Also, since it's the brain that "sees" information, it matters whether a person ever had sight. A person who has never had sight doesn't see. People who have lost their sight have different experiences. Some describe seeing complete darkness, like being in a cave. Some people see sparks or experience vivid visual hallucinations that may take the form of recognizable shapes, random shapes, and colors, or flashes of light. A person who is born blind has dreams but doesn't see images. Dreams could include sounds, tactile information, odors, flavors, and feelings. On the other hand, if a person has sight and then loses it, dreams may include images. People who have impaired vision (legally blind) do see in their dreams. The appearance of objects in dreams depends on the type and history of blindness. Someone who is blind yet perceives flashes of light and color from Charles Bonnet syndrome may incorporate these experiences into dreams. Method The Lüscher Color Test, despite the remarkable ease and speed with which it can be administered, is a "deep" psychological test, developed for the use of psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and those who are professionally involved with the conscious and unconscious characteristics and motivations of others. It is NOT a parlor game, and most emphatically it is not a weapon to be used in a general contest of “one-upmanship.” The Lüscher-Color-Diagnostic measures a person's psycho-physical state, his or her ability to withstand stress, to perform, and to communicate. It uncovers the cause of psychological stress, which can lead to physical symptoms. Using 5015 precise definitions, the selections from among these pre-determined test colors measure the state of 34 personality traits, some of which lie outside the realm of the conscious. Because the color selections are guided in an unconscious manner, they reveal the person as he or she really is, and not as he or she perceives him - or herself, or as he, or she would like to be perceived, which occurs when questions are asked directly or by questionnaires. The test colors from the Lüscher Color-Diagnosis chosen based on favoritism. The test-taker chooses the card color they like best and then orders the rest from most-preferred to lease-preferred. Numbers are printed on the backside of each card, and after the test-taker orders them, the examiner turns them over and references an accompanying book that contains all of the different number combinations and their meaning. Lüscher argues that the subject's choice of color shows the state of their psychosomatic and emotional status and how they feel about themselves. Lüscher relates to his four fundamental colors to the following fundamental categories: Blue: Contentmen Feeling of belonging, the inner connection and the relationship to one’s partner. "How I feel towards a person that is close to me" Green: Self-respect Inner control of willpower and the capacity to enjoy. "The way I want to be" Red: Self confidence Activity, drive and the reaction to challenges. "How I react to challenges" Yellow: Development Attitude of anticipation, attitude towards future development and towards new encounters. "What I expect for the future" A 1984 comparison of the Lüscher color test and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory found little agreement between the two tests, prompting the authors to urge cautious use of the former Results and Discussion So the two most important observations of these two are: Desired Objectives, or Behavior Dictated by Desired Objectives. Suffering from pent-up over-stimulation which threatens to discharge itself in an outburst of impulsive and impassioned behavior. The Existing Situation, or Behavior Appropriate to the Existing Situation. 1st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without. 2st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without. Characteristics under Restraint, or Behavior Inappropriate to the Existing Situation. 3st selection: Has high emotional demands and is willing to involve himself in a close relationship, but not with any great depth of feeling. Conclusion The results showed that among four Lüscher's Color Groups, the first and second in both poets are approximately similar. Accordingly, Ma'arri and Rudaki both were suffering from extreme provocations that had led them to separate from their society and they hoped to overcome a lot of their limitations, but Abol Ala despite of inner desires to intimate relationship, controls tightly his emotional relationships and only allows some people in his private domain that have perspective similar to him and think similar like him. And Rudaki tends to build social relationship and reveal his emotional relationship easily. He shows his unease because there are not enough responses to his needs of loving and understandings of mutual affections too.}, keywords = {color psychology,Max loucher,Seght Al-zand,Abul Ala Al-Ma'arri,Rudaki}, title_fa = {روانشناسی تطبیقی رنگ‌ها در «سقط الزند» معرّی و دیوان رودکی برپایه نظریه ماکس لوشر}, abstract_fa = {ابوالعلاء معری، شاعر نابینای عرب­ و رودکی، شاعر نابینای فارسی­زبان، در تصاویر شعری خود استفادة قابل ملاحظه‌ای از رنگ دارند. از آن‌جا که شعر آیینة تمام‌نمای روحیات روانی شاعر است؛ تحقیق در رنگ‌های به‌کار رفته در آن نیز می‌تواند از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار باشد و به عنوان ابزاری مهم در شناسایی هنجارها، واکنش‌ها و رفتارهای شاعر قلمداد گردد. جستار پیش‌رو با هدف روان‌شناسی شخصیت معری و رودکی بر اساس آزمایش رنگ ماکس لوشر، و با فرض این‌که خصوصیات رفتاری این دو شاعر نابینا قرابت‌هایی بسیار زیادی با هم دارند، در تلاش است تا با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی رنگ‌های «سقط الزند» معری و دیوان رودکی را بررسی و تحلیل کند. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که از میان چهار گروهِ رنگِ نظریة لوشر، گروه اول و دومِ رنگ­های اشعار هر دو شاعر دقیقاً مانند هم است. بر این اساس، معری و رودکی هر دو افرادی هستند که از تحریکات شدید که منجر به جدایی آن­ها از جامعه می‌گردد، رنج می‌برند و امیدوارند که بتوانند بر بسیاری از محدودیت‌های خود فائق آیند. با این تفاوت که ابوالعلاء علی‌رغم تمایلات درونی به ایجاد روابط صمیمی، روابط عاطفی خود را شدیداً کنترل می‌‌کند و فقط افرادی را به حیطة شخصی خود نزدیک می‌کند که نگرشی مشابه او دارند و همانند او می‌اندیشند؛ ولی رودکی تمایل به ایجاد روابط اجتماعی و مهرورزانة خویش را به­راحتی آشکار می­نماید و از این­که به نیاز او برای عشق­ورزی و درک محبت متقابل، پاسخی­داده نمی­شود، احساس ناشکیبایی می­کند.}, keywords_fa = {روانشناسی رنگ,ماکس لوشر,سقط الزند,ابوالعلاء معری,رودکی}, url = {https://jall.um.ac.ir/article_32422.html}, eprint = {https://jall.um.ac.ir/article_32422_091b0077acc3839856f15611ee9c877e.pdf} }