journal of Arabic language and literature

Consistency is the sum of grammatical premises that make the text a sequence of sentences and paragraphs. It surrounds the text, giving it a sense of sequence and texture. The various linguistic phenomena within it aim to enhance the text, fitting it together and ensuring its continuity. Consistency, through its formal and semantic means, allows us to approach the text from a contemporary linguistic perspective.Based on this perspective, this study observes several coherence tools in the poem "Saly Al-Ramah Al-Awali" by poet Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli (1278-1349) to uncover the mechanisms of textual references, deletion, connection, consistency, repetition, and conjunction. The study concludes that this text has a coherent framework and its parts are connected in a continuous and sequential manner. The mechanisms of textual harmony are clearly visible in the poem.The text contains an abundance of textual coherence tools, accounting for 51% of all coherence mechanisms. This percentage is attributed to the interrelationship between the structures of the poem "Sali Al-Ramah Al-Awali," where grammatical linkage and semantic consistency overlap and interweave. The textual structure reveals a diversity of textual consistency mechanisms, with referral accounting for 30% and repetition also accounting for 30%.

I have learned from life that creativity is a narrative in which all creators who engage with the text participate. The text serves as a realm in which the creator explores beauty, taste, and textual elegance. Building upon this idea, I have developed ideas for discourse analysis at the postgraduate level, centered around the concept of "the labyrinth. "My aim is to immerse students in a constant state of exploration, guiding them from one area of research to another whenever they uncover a truth. I have been successful in teaching researchers during this crucial stage of their scientific journey, helping them draw conclusions from their premises and navigate through complex texts when they feel lost. My focus has been on stimulating their minds and encouraging them to explore various fields of knowledge, fostering creativity and innovation to produce solid and distinctive scientific outcomes. I will attempt to establish a foundation for understanding the labyrinth concept and discourse within texts as keys to knowledge in research. Subsequently, I will document the ideas and texts that have been analyzed using the textual labyrinth method.The scientific and cognitive objective of this research is to define the concept of text. It aims to equip postgraduate students with the ability to differentiate between texts, comprehend their meanings, identify the parties involved in communication within them, and recognize any disruptions or deviations in the communication process between texts and recipients. The ultimate goal is to teach students communicative standards because without these standards, a text loses its communicative power.

Employing myth is one of the aesthetic expressive tools used by modern poets in their poetry. Its use in modern poetry is so prevalent that it has become one of the most important phenomena in modern and contemporary literature, distinguishing it as a feature of modern literature. Almost every poetic work contains symbolic and mythological references. In an attempt to find a style that harmonizes with nature, female poets often incorporate myth, creating metaphorical or miraculous images. Myths are present in the poems of women poets, and many of them utilize these myths to convey messages about their poetic conditions, as well as their philosophical and intellectual existence in life.This study adopts a comparative analytical approach to reveal the manifestations of myth in feminist poetry. The researcher sheds light on feminist literature and the influence of Western literature on Arab culture through a comparison between two examples of female poets from modern literature: Edith Sitwell (1887-1964) and Nazik Al-Malaika (1923-2007). The aim of this study is to explore the mythological content in the poems of contemporary female poets, specifically focusing on how myth is employed in modern feminist poetry and its intensive invocation between these two poets.The results indicate that there is an influence of Western literature on the poetic development of Nazik Al-Malaika, with evidence showing that Greek symbols dominate her poetic texts. Additionally, she incorporates some religious myths based on Christian narratives into her discourse. On the other hand, Edith Sitwell creates unfamiliar symbols and images from her own imaginative world.Through this study of the employment of myth in Arab and Western literature, the mythic image is manifested in the imaginative features of the two poets. This expression of artistic linguistic text is blended with elements that are relevant to reality. The present study represents the first attempt to explore this concept by examining both cultures. It becomes evident that the use of myth serves as a means to revisit the primal origins of life.

Surrealism was formed in the early 20th century with the aim of changing people's attitudes towards the industrial world and fighting against it. The goal of the surrealists was to change the world based on their own ideas and somehow return to the original human nature. Although this school of literature mostly dealt with poetry, it gradually entered the literary world of modern novels as well and raised opinions on the literary type of the novel and the closeness of its language to poetic language. Elias Khoury, a contemporary Lebanese writer, uses surrealist elements in his novel "Abvab almadinah" to narrate the protagonist's unsuccessful attempt to reach an unknown city, and finally, with the destruction of the city, he challenges contemporary man's efforts to achieve his desires. The present study aims to investigate the surrealistic characteristics of this novel in a descriptive and analytical way. It seeks to state what components of surrealism are present in this novel and how they are used in designing its themes. The fact that there is a lack of independent research on this literary work, coupled with its surrealist background, shows the necessity and importance of this research. The obtained results show that "Abvab al-madinah" is based on a surrealist foundation. Components such as surreal images, love, imagination and dreams, automatic writing, complexity, and ambiguity are among the most important features used in conveying surrealist meanings to readers in this novel.

In terms of meaning, rhetoric, and literature, the term "Esteghaseh" refers to requesting intercession. In ancient Arab literature, a type of poetry with the theme of supplication called "Esteghaseh" emerged, employing two spiritual and material instruments: "trusting" and "bonding," to seek a change in the target society's circumstances. The literary themes of Esteghaseh convey the social responsibility and artistic commitment of the poets, according to research by literature and literary history scholars. To gain a deeper understanding of why this type of poetry is written, it is evident that theories examining society's knowledge and specific people at the time will be useful. In this descriptive and analytical study, an attempt was made to utilize Pierre Bourdieu's sociological perspective. According to this theory, social commitment, action, and reaction reflect society's character. The sociological analysis of this crucial issue will disclose the impact of dominant social structures on the submissive class in society. Some verses on the subject of Esteghaseh led to uninformed behavior in the social structure during the age of ignorance and resistance to compulsions issued by the ruling class. Therefore, during Muslim rule in Andalusia, factors such as constant economic and political conflicts, moral corruption among rulers, attacks, and catastrophes resulting from crusades led to the development of this type of poetry and its evolution into an independent art form. Additionally, investigating why praise does not last as well as gradual disobedience and complaint against ruling laws with time can be done by taking into account praise for ruling class along with requests for help in this type of literature.

The effort of poets to present a magnificent literary text, both in terms of language and content, is valuable. Many poets, using various aesthetic methods, have differentiated their poetic language and thus have left the greatest impact on the audience. Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri is one of the poets whose poems are of great importance both in terms of content and structure. Although he has used most of his poems in the service of the political and social purposes of the homeland; he did not neglect the formal beauties of the text. But the question is what tricks have Javaheri used to highlight and perpetuate his poems? The present study has tried to provide evidence of lexical, and syntactic abnormalities in the poem »Atbeg Doja« based on the theory of de-familiarization and the analytical-descriptive method. Jawaheri's innate desire to use his aesthetic style and sensitivity in choosing words is an essential factor in his poetic style. With his skill, he establishes coherence between the word and the content, and finally between all the components of the sentence, and finally, he presents a melodic poem in a beautiful style to the reader. This research aims to identify the methods of defamiliarization in Javaheri's poems and achieve the poet's innovations from an aesthetic point of view as an example of contemporary Iraqi literature. The results have shown that types of defamiliarization including phonetic, lexical and syntactic, can be seen in this poem. In the meantime, phonetic defamiliarization and the repetition style with the highest frequency are one of the most important features of regularization and phonetic balance in this poem. Javaheri intended to use a variety of language tools such as repetition, presentation, and delay and the innovations he created in the construction of words and sentences; Guide the audience's mind to the inner messages of the text, in addition to preserving the literary character of the poem.

The readout of the mystical heritage has emerged clearly in literature, especially in a number of contemporary novels. This reveals spiritual developments among the story writers; those who seek to create knowledge based on abstract foundations. Some Arab novelists, specifically in the West, have employed the knowledge and mystical heritage in the resurrection of the modern Arab novel. The novel Jabal Qaf written Abd al-Elah ibn Arafa is a new novelistic experience that contains mystical dimensions from the title to its end, as the mystical vision has been mixed with the cognitive material on the one hand and linked to the symbolic and aesthetic connotations on the other hand. Taking a semiotic approach, this research sought mystical place as an epistemological concept in the thoughts Muhyi al-Din Ibn Arabi, through exploring the mystical spatial scenes in Jabal Qaf, which shows his ideas about the place and the mystical connotations manifested especially in the descriptive scenes of the market of Murcia city, the bookcase of the Sultan, and mosques such as Al-Aqsa Mosque as well as other situations like scenes conquest or in his talk about the East and the West. The study concluded that religious and mystical spaces and places dominated the Jabal Qaf novel, and gave it a spiritual character. The narrator has been able to imbue it with mystical connotations that he borrowed from the idea of the great philosopher Ibn Arabi. The study revealed that this refers to the religious background adopted by the narrator.

A legend is a story that narrates the life and culture of people and its origin is usually unknown. Myths denote the unconscious needs of human beings' mind and speak to man and the world around him. Man is indebted to his past and his ancestors in all periods. That is why myths have been a source of inspiration for poets and writers and are frequently repeated in contemporary literature of various peoples because of the strength of their influence on souls. Contemporary Arab poetry is intertwined with myth in a way that can be considered employing the myth as one of its artistic phenomena. Contemporary Arab poets not only use myths and the quotation of the mythical times, but also they make changes in narrations and transform them into various forms to adapt them to the current conditions of their time. Teleological thinking has been employed in Fayez Khaddour's poems differently. The motivation behind doing this research is the invocation of the legendary pair Baal and Anat-Inanna and Dumuzid-Shamash and Jadela in his poems. At first, the mythological narratives and the elements associated with them were studied and then the mythical elements were explored in Fayez Khaddour's poems. Since Fayez is a painful poet and a scholar of the tragedy of Arabs, presenting himself as the poet of death and exerting his utmost intellectual efforts in reviving the eastern civilization, he tries to recreate his poetic experience using symbols associated with death and life. The results indicate a deep connection between the poet's thought and the mythical elements of death and resurrection, but he uses them differently. He changes its narrative to show us the darkness in its effects on the social conditions in the Arab countries, including destruction and darkness. One of the poet's most important goals for this mythological use can be referred to the transformation of semantic myths and their more application with the prevailing situation of Syrian society and other Arab countries.

The semiotic model of Michael Rifater is one of the first semiotic patterns that has specifically studied the literary form of poetry. In this model, much attention is paid to the literary ability of the readership and his reaction to poetry, and poetry reading is done at both exploratory and post-action levels. In the first level, the meaning and superstructure of the text are examined, and in the second level, according to the non-grammatical elements, the deep layers of the text and linguistic implications are analyzed. Resistance and love are the two main themes of Mahmoud Darvish's poetry, and he creates linguistic meanings in these poetic themes by using non-grammatical elements. He hides the main meaning and message beyond the apparent surface of words and consciously delays the understanding of the meaning of poetry. The present study tries to discover the accumulations and descriptive systems of Rita Ahbini's poem in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the foundations of Michael Rifater's theory of semiotics of poetry, and to recite the structural matrix of the poem to the reader. Explaining the semiotic model of Michael Rifater and explaining the principles of resistance literature in Mahmoud Darvish's poetry and its hidden layers using the semiotic model are the objectives of this research. Among the results of the reactionary reading of the poem there are several implications of the word "Rita" in Mahmoud Darvish's works, who mixed it with the concept of homeland and eventually became the symbol of Palestine, and thus put a romantic theme in the service of the concept of resistance. The hypograms of this poem are well reflected in its structural matrix and show a picture of the situation in Palestine and the prospect of resistance.