Literary Criticism
rasool khammar; seyyed mahdi nouri; Abbas Ganjali; hossein shamsabadi
Abstract
In contemporary literature, poets, writers and artists have shown special attention to symbols in their literary works, including poems, stories, plays, etc. One of the manifestations of symbolism is the calling of various historical, religious, mythological, etc. figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. ...
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In contemporary literature, poets, writers and artists have shown special attention to symbols in their literary works, including poems, stories, plays, etc. One of the manifestations of symbolism is the calling of various historical, religious, mythological, etc. figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. A contemporary poet, like a historian, does not look at history only through the lens of historical data and their logical connection, but adds dimensions to historical characters from his own experiences and according to the current conditions of his society, and thus spiritual concepts and dynamic implications. It conveys what it wants to the mind of the reader. One of the characters that has a meaningful presence in the poetry of some contemporary poets is Meysam Tammar, the companion of the Prophet and the faithful friend of Imam Ali (AS). In the present article, the symbolic appeal of this character in the poetry of two contemporary Arab poets, namely " Jasim al-Sahayyeh " from Saudi Arabia and "Hasan AleHatit al-Amili" from Lebanon, has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. Since no research has been done on the invocation of Maysham Temar's character in contemporary Arabic poetry, it is important and necessary to investigate this issue. The results of the discussion show that Maisham's character traits such as righteousness, truth-telling, frankness of speech, persistence against oppressors and their scandalization have made contemporary poets, including the two mentioned poets, make his character the center of their poems. These two poets identified themselves with Maitham and called him in their poetry and tried to explain the problems and political and cultural disturbances of the society and their experiences, concerns and reform ideas beyond Maitham's personality.
Stylistics
Ali Javadi; Hojjatollah Fasanghari; Abbas Ganjali; Seyyed mahdi Nuri Keyzeghani
Abstract
Music is one of the most important elements of poetry, as it brings words to life and gives them meaning. Hafez Rajab Borsi Helli (744-813 AH) was a poet from the Mamluk era who wrote eloquent and touching poems in praise and mourning of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), and music played a special role in his work. ...
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Music is one of the most important elements of poetry, as it brings words to life and gives them meaning. Hafez Rajab Borsi Helli (744-813 AH) was a poet from the Mamluk era who wrote eloquent and touching poems in praise and mourning of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), and music played a special role in his work. The purpose of this research is to explain the semantic function of different types of music in poetry, and to explore Borsi Helli's position as a Shiite poet whose work is characterized by both verbal and structural beauty in service of meaning. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article analyzes the semantic and aesthetic function of music in visual imagery. The findings show that Borsi was successful in using both external and internal music to enhance his poetry. In terms of external music, he established harmony between his poetic themes and the chosen weight, creating a strong bond between his poetry and its music. He also used rhymes effectively to create different effects on readers. In terms of internal music, Borsi used both the music of sounds (such as repetition and puns) and spiritual music (such as Moraat al-Nazir, hint, and other innovative musical arrays) to create coherence and harmony within his work. He incorporated special musical elements into his poetry that added enchantment to songs and voices, helping audiences experience spiritual pleasure while conveying meaning effectively. Overall, this research highlights the importance of music in poetry, particularly within the context of Borsi Helli's work.
Mehdi Nowdehi; Abbas Ganjali; Seyyed Mahdi Nouri Keyzeghani
mohammad ghafouri
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Stylistics is a realm of literature that is used as a means to evaluate the value of literary works. The knowledge of stylistics provides a ground upon which the effect of a work of its readers can be assessed with reference to linguistic features and the literary ...
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Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Stylistics is a realm of literature that is used as a means to evaluate the value of literary works. The knowledge of stylistics provides a ground upon which the effect of a work of its readers can be assessed with reference to linguistic features and the literary prowess and expertise of the author. The unique stylistic features serve as a factor that distinguishes a work of literature from others. In other words, such stylistic features can be seen as the identity of a text that sets it apart from similar works of literature.
2- Theoretical Framework
One of the important issues that is considered in stylistic analysis of a literary work is the analysis of phonetic features of the text language or its phonetic style. Phonetic stylistics deals with the value and application of sounds and their aesthetic effect and role in the speech style. It yields clear and concrete results with regard to the analysis of music in the poetry or prose as well as the literary style of the author (Fotouhi, 2012).
Sermons of the Nahj al-Balaghe exemplify a religious text that is worthy of analysis in terms of phonetic stylistics, for one of its striking stylistic features is lexical and musical arrangement of words or musical elements. This paper is an attempt to study the phonetic style of sermons of Nahj al-Balaghe, hoping to make artist and literature readers more familiar with the phonetic style of Amir al-Momenin and thereby shed further light on its aesthetics and values to offer a new insights about these sermons.
3- Method
In this paper, a descriptive analytical method based on a reference to sermons of Nahj al-Balaghe (the version translated by Dashti) has been adopted.
4- Results and Discussion
One factor that marks the distinction between different styles is the phonetic or musical level that contributes to the beauty and impact of a text.
The analysis of phonetic style of texts helps appreciate their nature and discover their beauty. Moreover, it contributes to exploring emotional and spiritual reactions intended by the author by using specific sounds and music, because it is obvious that sound is a manifestation of inner feelings, and passivity naturally leads to the diversity of sound and voice (Al-Rafei, 1997). In other words, the inner emotions of the author have enabled him to exploit particular sounds and words to create a musical effect that magnifies the impact of the work on its readers (Salih, 2003).
Through an analysis of a work of literature at phonetic level, one can evaluate the performance of the writer or creator of the work, as sounds offer huge expressive potentials; therefore, sounds, songs, their extent and intensity, continuity and repetition, and intervals of silent letters possess immense capacities in terms of expression (Fazl, 1998).
Among phonetic elements that play a pivotal role at this linguistic level and contribute to the emergence of outstanding style of speech are external music, which is judged from the meter and rhyme in poetry, and internal music, which is assessed based on the application of literary devices such as Saj (parallel, balanced, etc.), puns (incomplete, derivative, etc.), and repetition and internal music, which are evaluated by means of conflict and contrast in the text (Shamisa, 1995).
In the study of phonetic stylistics of sermons of Nahj al-Balaghe, we deal with features that are conspicuously manifested in sermons, bestow prominence to the words of Imam and give it a particular form that is distinctive from normal speech and standard language. These features include: rhyme, pun, inner rhyme and music, repetition, contradiction and contrast.
5- Conclusion
The analysis of the phonetic stylistics of sermons of Nahj al-Balaghe suggests that rhyme, pun, inner music (phonotactics), repetition (letters and words), conflict and contrast are prominent phonetic manifestations in the sermons of Nahj al-Balaghe. Meanwhile, Saj and puns have relatively higher frequency than other elements. The music arising from any of these phonetic elements not only adds to the melody and capturing of the minds and thoughts of the audience, but also allows inference of meanings and implicit concepts of the sermons. In other words, Imam Ali (AS) utilizes the music of words in a way that each of these words serve as a symphony and orchestra that touches the strings of heart and inspire a wave of exhilaration, delight or apprehension in the hearts and takes away their fatigue. Besides, it contributes to the evocation of meanings intended by Imam Ali (AS). This play of the music and intended concepts have bestowed striking harmony to the sermons and reinforced the internal coherence of the text.
