Omid Izanloo
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Palestine literature is intensively political and affected by events happened in the country over the last century. Dominance of Ottoman empire on Arab countries including Palestine, being ruled by Britain, and then occupied by Israel have deprived the country from ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Palestine literature is intensively political and affected by events happened in the country over the last century. Dominance of Ottoman empire on Arab countries including Palestine, being ruled by Britain, and then occupied by Israel have deprived the country from experiencing an independent era; all the country has gone through was fighting with foreigners. It is therefore normal for the literature of the country, especially for fiction, to have fighting and resistance as the main themes. The high status of the themes in fiction has to do with the nature of the fiction, as it attracts common people seemingly as it is close to real happening of the society. Fiction could have a direct relationship with daily events of society and reflect the real problems of society.
Review of Literature
Investigating related literature, the researches came out with no specific and independent work to focus on novels of Palestine in the era before 1948. The related works have huge limitations and are not deep enough. For example, Omar Shahin (1988) studied the historical trajectory of Arab novels from early 1900 to 1967. Vadi (1981) explored the same, but he focused on signs of novel formation from early 19th century to 1948. Abu Matar (1990) in a book that exactly deals with novel in Palestine investigates modern novel of Palestine from 1950 to 1975. He points out briefly to novel 1948 and identifies that the flourish of phenomenon is parallel in other countries. Yaghi as well on his works on Palestine literature, deals with poetry and prose of Palestine in contemporary period, He just deals briefly with novel in Palestine before 1948.
Method
This is a descriptive-analytical research. First, the political, economic and social situation of Palestine were studied. Then, we examined the factors leading to the literary movement. Finally, the history of development of Palestinian novel from 1900 to 1948 was explored.
Results and Discussion
We could not see any novel that had been written in this period. Moreover, as there was disagreement about the first novel and its author, we could not do a precise analysis. There are some works that have studied Palestinian novel from 1900 to 1948, but this article explored all the novels, written from the beginning of the 20th century to 1948. The works show the responsibility of writer for his/her society, although most of them could not analyze the universal situation and colonial policies.
Outline of the discussion
Overall circumstances of the society and movement factors
Palestine was socially under Ottoman regime`s tyranny, in which Turkish was officially recognized and Arabic discounted. Since 1920, immigration of Jews to Palestine began, an event that changed the future of the Palestinians dramatically. Economically, at the time of the Ottoman`s ruling, more than 70% of the Palestinian people were engaged in agriculture. It was not industrially developed either. Cultural and scientific status was in bad conditions too. It was only Seminaries that managed to make an important step in learning, by changing their approaches in purely religious teachings to modern teachings. In spite of these circumstances, there were changes in the community that were considered as movement factors, including press publication by the intellectuals and promotion of simplification in writing, expansion of schools for teaching new sciences, getting to know western literature and style of writing by Palestinians using translations of western works and printing houses.
changing process in the content of the novels
The close link between fictional literature and people's life and understanding it easily along with factors such as: dominant political conditions, increased awareness and literacy of the people towards the past led to increasing acceptance on this genre of literature. The first half of the twentieth century in the Palestinian fictional literature is the phase of experimentation and testing, since at the beginning, this genre of literary work was the result of the activity of novice novelists who had responded to the influential external factors and were eager to transform the fictional literature. So that the first efforts began with the translation of the western works. Khalil Beidas, Ahmed Al-Shaker al-Karami and Jamil Al-Bahri were the first to introduce translated fictional literature by publishing magazines. They emphasized on paying attention to fictional literature and were pioneers of that. Non-translation works were devoid of the main and technical indicators of this genre of literature, and were mostly imitation. There is a controversy over the first Palestinian non-translation novel, but there is consensus that it started since 1320. The content of the various novels that have been written from 1920 until 1948 is generally about issues like Palestine, the need for caring about community, and Vigilance, concerning the Jews. But the frankness that emerged after 1948`s literature is not to be seen in the fictional literature of this era, which is perhaps due to the conditions of the political community governing the community. Because, on the one hand, the authors did not have much political analytic power to inform the society about what will be happen. On the other hand, the emphasis on immitting them was arrested from their original mission, which is to focus the community on the reflection of the themes Social.
Conclusion
Not being independent as a state, disorganization of the independent government in the past in this region and not being able to profit from benefits like other Arab states are factors behind the lack of independence in the literature of this land. One of the characteristics that distinguishes Palestinian literature from other literatures is its relevance to time and place and addressing political issues. As the literature of this country is interwoven with politics, it is difficult to distinguish between literature and politics. But this is clearly the case of the twentieth century, especially after 1948. However, the same literature has its specific features. Content review of novels written before 1948 indicates that writers of this works were not familiar with political issues, superpower politics in the world, and how they interact with colonial, developing, and third world countries. The writers were satisfied with the superficial analysis in their works.
Nemat Azizi; Ali Nazari; Sayed Mahmoud Mirzaee Alhosaini
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In the modern era, the United States of America has been the cause of warfare and tensions in various countries through its interventionist policies. Palestine is a country that has been subject to the interference of the US; by providing arms and diplomatic support ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
In the modern era, the United States of America has been the cause of warfare and tensions in various countries through its interventionist policies. Palestine is a country that has been subject to the interference of the US; by providing arms and diplomatic support for the occupying regime of Israel, the US has brought about a variety of sufferings to the people of Palestine. This has led to the reaction of Palestinian poets against the actions and policies of the US. These poets have been striving to offer a comprehensive visualization of the US through their poems.
Review of Literature
Visualization is a common term in the old and new Arabic criticism through which poets attempt to visualize a certain subject using a variety of techniques. Techniques derived from old rhetorical sciences including simile, metaphor, and allusion as well as the new techniques such as symbols, niqab, etc. Using these techniques, the poet seeks to convey a subject with maximum influence. Meanwhile, the contemporary poetry of Palestine has been the reflection of developments of a country in which numerous enemies have interfered following its occupation. These poets hold the US accountable for the majority of warfare and global issues, resulting in their attempts to visualize these notions within their poems.
Examinations showed that there has been numerous studies conducted in the area of visualization in Poetry; in a paper titled, “Visualization Methods and Psychological Implications of Modern Arabic Poetry in Yemen” (2012) written by Khalid Valid Hassan al-Gazali, first the concept of poetic imagery is expressed and then samples of simile, embodiment, mystery, and qena’a in contemporary poetry of Yemen are analyzed. In another paper titled, “The Image of Mayakovsky in the Poems of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas” (2012), the authors including Khalil Parvini, Hadi Nazari Monazzam, and Kaveh Khezri conducted a comparative examination of poetic imagery within the works of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas. In his Master’s thesis titled, “Poetic Imagery of Azzedine Mihoubi” (2010), Abdulrazzaq Belqais from Buzaria’a University (Algeria) examined the concept of poetic imagery within the old and new criticism followed by an investigation of the most important poetic imagery including mystery, myth, simile, etc. in poems of Azzedine Mihoubi.
Subsequently, given the absence of any inquiries on the techniques used in contemporary poems of Palestine to visualize the US, it is a new subject which involves scientific innovations and demonstrates the necessity of conducting the present study.
Method
With the purpose of examining and describing how the US is visualized in the works of Palestinian poets, the present study seeks to particularly investigate symbols and niqab as the most important techniques used to visualize the US within the modern Palestinian poetry using the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, samples taken from works of poets including Mahmoud Darwish, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Shafiq Habib, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Yousef al-Khatib, and Ibn Khaniyous.
Results and Discussion
In this study, a variety of diwans[1] by prominent Palestinian poets such as Kamal Qanim, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Shafiq Habib, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Mahmoud Darwish, Yousef al-Khatib, and Saleh Farwanah were examined. In the poems written by these poets, the US has a very destructive, negative image which are visualized in a variety of forms using different techniques.
Conclusion
These poets have offered such imagery using different techniques such as symbols and niqab; the US is symbolized as crocodiles, dogs, crows, wolves, vipers, and worn ropes so as to visualize the nature and main features of the US as a hypocritical, disgraceful, ominous, brutal, and dissolute nation and to show its tyranny and early collapse. The slaughter of Palestinian children on one hand and the condemnation of such cruelty by American authorities on the other hand are reasons why the “crocodile tears” was used as a symbol of the American hypocrisy. Dogs are regarded as a symbol of disgraceful Americans who have infiltrated the untainted sanctum of certain lands, while the crow symbolizes their ominousness and denotes the destruction caused by these people. The wolf is a symbol of their brutality in mass murders during wars, particularly in the Iraq war. The viper signifies the tyranny of the US who has devoured the entire world. Finally, the worn rope is a symbol of the early collapse of any covenants between the US and the occupying regime of Israel which is soon expected to break down.
Niqab is another technique employed by Palestinian poets to visualize the US. The US presidents were masked with images of Nero, the tyrant emperor and the insane Roman, in order to demonstrate their war-mongering attitude and Kaiser-like insanity in a broader sense. The Mongol Hulagu Khan is another niqab associated with the US which signifies the barbarity of the US against other nations, especially Iraq. The severity and multitude of the US’s offenses against other nations have resulted in these poets to associate the mask of Mars, the Roman God of War, with America to point out the country’s thirst for warfare, having gathered all of its focus on conflicts and hostilities. The tempting Satan is another mask associated with the US to point out its deceptive policies; policies through which it is attempted to entice Palestinians to leave their own lands.
Not only did the contemporary Palestinian poets have offered such imagery with respect to the interference of the US in Palestine and its arms and diplomatic support of Israel, but also with regards to the long, destructive Vietnam War, two wars in Iraq, interference in Cuba, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the slaughter of Native Americans, the slavery and torture of black people, etc.
[1]. A collection of poems.
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Soghra Rahimi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Postmodernism is a term which has been used to describe theories related to philosophy, literature, arts, and other different sciences. Some scholars believe that postmodernism emerged as a consequence of the crisis of the modern age developments, excessive intellectualization ...
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Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Postmodernism is a term which has been used to describe theories related to philosophy, literature, arts, and other different sciences. Some scholars believe that postmodernism emerged as a consequence of the crisis of the modern age developments, excessive intellectualization of affairs, bureaucracy and the dominance of technology over man which has limited the freedom of man rather than help it thrive. The familiarity of Arab world with postmodern fictions dated back to the translations of postmodern writers like Borges. The main reason of this approach is the alteration and change experienced by Arab world in the past decades. Providing some grounds of doubt about many of the past political and idealistic values , and also the grand narratives as dubious ideologies.
2- Question and hypothesis of research
The authors have critically presented the distinguishing characteristics of postmodernism in the fiction of Jabra trying to answer the question how these developments have influenced the novels of Jabra. Having been influenced by postmodernist tendencies, it was hypothesized that Jabra has developed new methods in different aspects of novel writing.
Since postmodern fiction is not essentially a congruous movement, it is difficult to determine precisely the characteristics of postmodernism in the novel, but some of its prominent features in novels and stories include: ontological content, adaptation, unconsciousness in the narrative of events, collapse, collage, intertextuality, magical realism, multiple endings, multifaceted.
3- Method
This is a descriptive-analytical research. First, the definition and significance of character in the world is explained, and then, within the body of the research, some theoretical backgrounds are provided in each section, followed by the analysis of the examples.
4- Introduction novels
a) The novel Al Bahetha'n Waleed Massoud
Jabra wrote the novel Al Bahetha'n Waleed Massoud in 1978, which is a turning point not only in Palestine literature, but also among his works. The content of the story is about the disappearance of a Palestinian person called Waleed Massoud whose friends are going to solve the mystery of his disappearance with past evidence.The story's characters are: Javad Hasani, Kazem Ismail, Ibrahim Haj Nofal, Mary Safar, Marwan, Jesus Nasser, Tariq Roof, Wesal Roof, Jannan Thamir, Hisham and other subordinates. The techniques used by the author in this novel include the phonetic nature of the novel, return to the past, the stream of consciousness, the inner monologue, the dialogue, and so on. The story begins with the mysterious disappearance of Walid Massoud, Palestinian successful banker and author who is resident in Iraq. Inside his car, found on the Jordanian-Iraqi border, an audio recorder was found that Massoud spoke to in the turbulent way of thinking, and stream of consciousness of his childhood memories of Palestine, his wife, his distressed thoughts and his relations with women and also grief of the death of Marwan whom killed by Israeli soldiers.
b)The novel "the journals of Sarrab Affan"
The novel was first published in 1992. The story is about the love of a girl named Sarab Afan to a writer named Nael Imran. It begins when Sarab writes her memories and speaks of her love to her beloved writer. The turning point of the story is when Sarab met him in the street accidentally. The main characters of the story are Miyat Afan and Nahal Imran, and the other characters are Ali Afan, Tala, Abdullah Rami and his other friends. The techniques and methods of this novel include polyphony, stream of consciousness, internal monologue, and so on.
5- Results and Discussion
The findings of this analytical-descriptive study highlighted the presence of components such as the dominance of ontological content over epistemological content, polyphony, multiple narrators, magical realism and intertextuality.
