The Problematic Hero in The Novel "When a Man Thinks" By Khawla al-Qazwini Based on the theory of Lucien Goldmann

Document Type : research article

Authors

• Mahin Zohairy ¹
• Mohammad javad Pourabed ²
• Naser Zare ²
• Rasoul Ballawy ²

¹ Phd Candidate in Arabic Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran,

² Associate Professor in Arabic Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv14.i3.2204-1130

Abstract

One of the most common concepts of the capitalist society is the "problematic hero" whose lifespan does not exceed a century. This concept was first proposed by the Hungarian critic Georg Lukács in the 20th century and continued by the Romanian critic Lucien Goldmann. According to them, the mutual relationship between literary and social structure has made literature a means of responding to social issues. In the realistic novels of capitalist societies, some people's adherence to real principles has made them problematic. The hero of this type of novels, who is often from the general public, is marginalized by criticizing the society that lacks true values.The purpose of this article, which was written with a descriptive-analytical method, is to analyze the mentioned novel from a sociological point of view, relying on the concept of "problematic hero" and comparing it with Lucien Goldman's opinions. Since the aforementioned novel has deep sociological layers and by analyzing them, a better critique of the Kuwaiti society can be achieved, the necessity of conducting such a research becomes more apparent.The result of this research indicates that Muhammad, as a problematic hero, adheres to real ideals such as trying to correct social corruption, reviving true values, respecting the opinions of opponents and standing against the conspiracies of enemies.And he is in conflict with the implicit values of the society, such as seeking power, and he does not have the ability to solve this conflict, and he is placed on the margins of society in a way, and finally, this conflict results in his removal from society with death.

Keywords

• "Lucien Goldmann
• Problematic Hero
• Sociological Criticism
• the Novel When a Man Thinks
• Khawla al-Qazwini "

References

Abazari, Y. (2010). Sociological Wisdom. Tehran: Tarhe no.[in Persian]

Azad Aramaki, T. (2016). "Generational change process of meta-analysis in Iran". Youth, Culture and Society Research Quarterly. 1. pp. 41-68. [in Persian]

Beqaei, A. (2013). Sociology of Literature in Laila Mohammad Saleh's Stories. Master's Thesis. Yazd University. [in Persian]

Ghazvini, Kh. (2009). When a man think,Fifth edition. Beirut: Dar Al-Safvah. [in Arabic]

Goldmann, L (2002). The Relationship between Literary Creation and Social Life. Society, Culture, Literature: Lucien Goldmann ,Translator: Mohammad Jafar Poyandeh.. Tehran: Cheshmeh.

___________ (2012). Developmental criticism. Translator: Mohammad Taghi Ghayashi. Tehran: Agah Publications

____________. (1987). "Introduction to the Cases of the Science of the Narrative Society". Definition: Mohammad Mutasim. Review :Mohammad Al-Bakri. Studies in the Eyes of Articles: No 6-7. 65-81.

____________. (1991). Sociology of Literature. Defense of the Sociology of the Novel. Translator: Mohammad Jafar Poyandeh. Tehran:Hoosh and Ebtekar Publication.

Izanloo, O. (2016). "The Problematic Hero in Najib Mahfouz's Novel" The thief and the dogs". Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature: No 41. 177-196. [in Persian] Dor:20.1001.1.23456361.1438.12.41.9.7

Izanloo, O. & Abdollahi, H. (2013), "Realism in the stories of (school principal) Al-Ahmad and (Zakaq al-Muddaq) Najib Mahfouz", Journal of Arabic Language and Literature: 5(9) , 23-43. [in Persian] Doi: 10.22067/jall.v5i9.37327

Karimpour, L. & Asaad, M.R. & Izadiar, M. & Karimpour, S. (2016). "Study of heroic and anti-heroic characters in several fictional works of the seventies". Aesthetics of Literature: 14(28). 21-69. [in Persian]

Khafsheh, M. N. (1997). Rooting the Text (Lucian Goldmann Structural Approach). 1 Edition. Aleppo: Center for Civilization Development. [in Arabic]

Lahamdani, H.(1985). The Moroccan novel and the vision of social reality (a structural structural study). 1st Edition.  Morocco. Dar Al-Bayda: Dar Al-Thaqafa. [in Arabic]

Lukács, G.  (2004). A Study in European Realism. translated by: Akbar Afsari. second edition. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural. [in Persian]

________. (2001). Novel Theory. Translator: Hassan Mortazavi. Tehran: Ghesseh. [in Persian]

Mahmoudi, A. (2021). "Ideological Postmodernism from the Perspective of Sociological Criticism (Case Study: The Ode of Fadihat al-Thalab by Ibrahim Nasrallah)". Journal of Arabic Language and Literature: 13(2) . 45-62. [in Persian] Doi: 10.22067/jallv13.i2.2103-1032

Masoudi, M. (2009). Trade Guide with Kuwait. Tehran: Commercial Publishing Company. [in Persian]

Mirsadeghi, J. (2015). Elements of the story. Ninth edition. Tehran: Sokhan Publications. [in Persian]

Mohseni Nejad, S. (2016). "The social reality of Kuwait in the life of the couple in the narration (between you and your anecdote) for the Khawla al-Qazwini". Completing the linguistic. literary and cultural heritage shared between Persian and Arabic in the Persian Gulf region: 2630-2651. [in Arabic]

Moradi Sani, M (2013). Investigation of problematic character in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on Lucien Goldmann theory. Master's thesis. Department of Persian language and literature.. Birjand University. [in Persian]

Parham, S. (1981). Realist and Anti-Realist in Literature. Publishing Institute: Agah. [in Persian]

Ragheb, M. and Ragheb, A. (2019). "The birth of the first Persian novel from the heart of a problematic hero". Contemporary Persian Literature: 9(2). 125-154. [in Persian] Doi: 10.30465/copl.2019.4415

Razavian, S. R. and Abdolmutallab, A. (2011), "The Problematic Hero in the Director's Schools and Sushun Novels". Journal of Persian Language and Literature (Gohar Darya): 5(1). 1281-1292. [in Persian]

Zafa, M. (2007). Sociology of Fiction literature. translated by Nasrin Parvini. Tehran: Sokhan Publishing.