research article
Literary Criticism
Ali Pirani Shal; Zahra Izadi
Abstract
s.Edmund Husserl founded descriptive phenomenology with the aim of combating skepticism and relativism, advocating a return to "the things themselves" and seeking to establish philosophy as a valid science. The core of this method was to focus on phenomena and describe them without preconceived notions. ...
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s.Edmund Husserl founded descriptive phenomenology with the aim of combating skepticism and relativism, advocating a return to "the things themselves" and seeking to establish philosophy as a valid science. The core of this method was to focus on phenomena and describe them without preconceived notions. However, this approach faced criticism, prompting Husserl to develop transcendental phenomenology as a response to the question of the existence and reality of the world. Transcendental phenomenology introduced complex concepts such as intentionality, epoche, noema and noesis, pure ego, lifeworld, and various levels of time, including time-consciousness. These concepts are highly abstract and often require interpretation and explanation.Despite the apparent complexity of phenomenology, applying its principles to literary works, such as poetry, can offer valuable insights. This practice can not only clarify the difficult teachings of phenomenology for a broader audience but also provide a foundation for revealing the aesthetic aspects of poetry. Therefore, this research examines the characteristics of the boy's character in Nazik al-Mala'ika's ode "Shajarat al-Qamar" (The Tree of the Moon), focusing on the abstract concept of the moon tree and tracing the semantic evolution of the moon within the poem, aligning it with the stages of change in Husserl's theory. The results show that the semantic spectrum of the moon for the boy encompasses concepts such as bird, child, and ultimately, seed. Through these stages, the pure ego (the boy) gradually reduces and internalizes the noema of the moon, culminating in the image of a seed with the potential for growth and development. This culminates in the creation of the "tree of the moon," which reflects the third level of time consciousness as described in Husserl's theory. Furthermore, this philosophical reading of the ode provides an explanation for Husserl's transcendental phenomenological turn in his later works.
research article
Literary Criticism
Hojjat Rasouli; Sheler Ahmadi
Abstract
The prominent Arabic literature critic of the 4th century AH, Ibn Tabataba al-Alawi, had a distinctive way of critiquing Arabic literature in his work "Ayar Ol-She’r." Unlike his contemporaries and predecessors, he focused on poetry as an artistic industry, emphasizing the structure and order of ...
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The prominent Arabic literature critic of the 4th century AH, Ibn Tabataba al-Alawi, had a distinctive way of critiquing Arabic literature in his work "Ayar Ol-She’r." Unlike his contemporaries and predecessors, he focused on poetry as an artistic industry, emphasizing the structure and order of poetry. Through his statements, he highlighted the subtle distinctions between various literary forms such as verse, prose, and poetry. Some scholars view old Arabic criticism as form-oriented. This analysis aims to explore Ibn Tabataba's critical views within the framework of Russian formalism to determine if he can be considered a formalist critic. The research examines how Ibn Tabataba's opinions align with formalist principles and whether they support the idea that ancient Arabic literary criticism is formalistic. The study concludes that Ibn Tabataba's critical approach aligns with formalism, reinforcing the notion that old Arabic criticism is form-oriented.
research article
Criticism schools
Amir Farhangdust; Abdolahad Gheibi; Mahin Hajizadeh
Abstract
.The concepts of self and other in the modern era have undoubtedly diverged from premodern understandings. One effective approach to comprehend this connection is through the lens of sociological formulations. Charles Horton Cooley, a prominent American sociologist, offered a distinct perspective ...
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.The concepts of self and other in the modern era have undoubtedly diverged from premodern understandings. One effective approach to comprehend this connection is through the lens of sociological formulations. Charles Horton Cooley, a prominent American sociologist, offered a distinct perspective on this issue. His empathetic, introspective approach posits the self as inherently connected to society. He argues that understanding the self is impossible outside the context of society and the reflected perceptions of others. Cooley categorizes this interconnectedness into four forms: organic dependency, the other as imagination, the looking-glass self, and the self and group as another. Each form possesses unique characteristics.This novel approach to self and other serves as the theoretical framework for the present analysis of Aicha Arnaout's novel, "I Lead You to My Other." The novel's central theme, evident in its preface, is explored through a scientific lens using Cooley's theories. This essay demonstrates that the Syrian-Albanian author was not unconcerned with Cooley's sociological ideas and proposed forms of self-other connection. Through the creation of "Saros" an invisible entity crucial to the story, Arnaout vividly portrays the encounter with an imaginary other, or "the other as imagination." Furthermore, the deep and distinct relationships Maryam, the novel's protagonist, forms with various characters exemplify the concepts of organic dependency, the looking-glass self, and the self and group as another. These details, supported by evidence from the novel, were initially outlined at the beginning of this research.
Original Article
Literary Criticism
Rsoul Khammar; Sayyed Mahdi Nouri keyzeghani; Abbas Ganjali; Hosain Shams Abadi
Abstract
In contemporary literature, poets, writers, and artists have shown a special focus on symbols in their literary works, such as poems, stories, and plays. One form of symbolism is the incorporation of various historical, religious, and mythological figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. A modern poet, ...
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In contemporary literature, poets, writers, and artists have shown a special focus on symbols in their literary works, such as poems, stories, and plays. One form of symbolism is the incorporation of various historical, religious, and mythological figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. A modern poet, akin to a historian, does not solely view history through historical data but imbues historical characters with personal experiences and societal context to convey spiritual concepts and dynamic implications to readers. Meysam Tammar, a companion of the Prophet and loyal friend of Imam Ali (AS), holds significant presence in the poetry of some contemporary poets. This article examines the symbolic significance of this character in the works of two Arab poets: "Jasim al-Sahayyeh" from Saudi Arabia and "Hasan AleHatit al-Amili" from Lebanon. Given the lack of prior research on Maysham Temar's portrayal in contemporary Arabic poetry, investigating this theme is crucial. The analysis reveals that Maisham's virtues like righteousness, truthfulness, outspokenness, resilience against oppressors, and martyrdom have led modern poets to center their poems around his character. These two poets have associated themselves with Maitham in their poetry to elucidate societal issues and express their experiences, concerns, and reformist ideas beyond Maitham's persona
research article
Linguistics
Rahman Navazani; Amirhossein Rasoulnia
Abstract
The creation of discourse categories, shaped by a particular worldview and narrative of the world, is inherently intertwined with linguistic processes. Confrontation and synonymy, as linguistic processes, play a significant role in shaping the worldview conveyed by texts. Leslie Jeffries (2010), a prominent ...
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The creation of discourse categories, shaped by a particular worldview and narrative of the world, is inherently intertwined with linguistic processes. Confrontation and synonymy, as linguistic processes, play a significant role in shaping the worldview conveyed by texts. Leslie Jeffries (2010), a prominent linguistics researcher, has proposed a model for understanding the potential worldview impact of texts by analyzing textual contrasts and their regulation alongside established critical discourse analysis tools. Jeffries identifies various types of contrasts, including negative, transitive, superlative, shifting, privileged, explicit, parallel, and comparative, as well as relational, expressive, and metaphorical synonyms.This research investigates oppositional and synonymous structures within Abolqasem al-Shabi's "Ode to the Will of Life," employing critical stylistics to analyze the text and elucidate its underlying worldview. The analysis reveals that examining the conceptual relationships within the textual structure of oppositions and synonyms in this ode effectively illuminates worldview categories. Cognitive contrasts within the text, such as those between ambition and narrow-mindedness, exaltation and inferiority, hope and despair, struggle and resistance, and life and death, along with synonymous expressions, contribute to shaping a shared worldview of societal resistance against oppression and colonialism
Original Article
Semantics
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Parvaneh Salehani Farsani
Abstract
The violation of norms and the avoidance of conventions significantly shape narrative structure and discourse induction. Works often rely on these deviations from norms and standards for their narrative structure and discourse. In this regard, Herbert Paul Grice's (1913-1988) theory of Cooperative Principles ...
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The violation of norms and the avoidance of conventions significantly shape narrative structure and discourse induction. Works often rely on these deviations from norms and standards for their narrative structure and discourse. In this regard, Herbert Paul Grice's (1913-1988) theory of Cooperative Principles provides a valuable framework for examining these deviations. Grice proposes four principles—quantity, quality, relation, and manner—that speakers should adhere to in both speech and writing. However, a lack of adherence to these principles within a text does not necessarily indicate weakness or a departure from literary standards. Instead, according to Grice, it creates implicit and suggestive meanings, and uncovering and analyzing these meanings is crucial for comprehending and critiquing the discourse and indices of an effective and influential work. This article, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, applies Grice's theory to Shahad Al Rawi's novel, "The Baghdad Clock" (2016), to uncover and examine the hidden meanings and underlying layers of discourse within the work. "The Baghdad Clock," written by Shahad Al Rawi, a young Iraqi female writer, revolves around the theme of war and occupation in recent decades in Iraq. Al Rawi, driven by social and political concerns, narrates the lives of women citizens within her society. The research results indicate that the author strategically violates each of Grice's four principles throughout the novel to accurately depict the discourse of war and the nuances of character portrayal.
