Seyyed Ali Mirhosseini; Seyyed Adnan Eshkavari; ali Aswadi; Houman Nazemian; Abdollah Hoseini
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to introduce Mohammad Afifi Matar as a poet and an author of several books who has a certain individual way of thinking and inciting poems which are all about using symbols and various rhetoric materials. He is one the poets who no longer use symbols in a literary matter ...
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The main purpose of this study is to introduce Mohammad Afifi Matar as a poet and an author of several books who has a certain individual way of thinking and inciting poems which are all about using symbols and various rhetoric materials. He is one the poets who no longer use symbols in a literary matter but not only does he appear as a behaviorist but he also tends to introduce himself as a political critic that can find and reveal deep concerning issues and offer proper solutions to solve them. Based on his poems, it seems that Afifi Matar is always trying to purposefully create different layers of meanings by presenting philosophical thoughts with words that are capable of having different meanings. Daniel Chandler, a contemporary literary theorist, is among the many who have set their minds on finding new aspects and reaching fresh understandings based on existing words and sentences or verses a poem in which you can eventually have knowledge that cannot be achieved through the first look. Chandler believes that any symbol can be either a used one in a new form that has no refreshing meaning to offer or it’s a fresh meaning hidden inside an old symbol waiting to be found. As an example, when Afifi Matar uses the symbol of “blood” in his poems, he tries to represent that not as a simple key to sacrifice but as a worthy price that only a few can and want to pay to gain access to freedom or retrieve what once was theirs.
Nemat Azizi; Ali Nazari; Sayed Mahmoud Mirzaee Alhosaini
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In the modern era, the United States of America has been the cause of warfare and tensions in various countries through its interventionist policies. Palestine is a country that has been subject to the interference of the US; by providing arms and diplomatic support ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
In the modern era, the United States of America has been the cause of warfare and tensions in various countries through its interventionist policies. Palestine is a country that has been subject to the interference of the US; by providing arms and diplomatic support for the occupying regime of Israel, the US has brought about a variety of sufferings to the people of Palestine. This has led to the reaction of Palestinian poets against the actions and policies of the US. These poets have been striving to offer a comprehensive visualization of the US through their poems.
Review of Literature
Visualization is a common term in the old and new Arabic criticism through which poets attempt to visualize a certain subject using a variety of techniques. Techniques derived from old rhetorical sciences including simile, metaphor, and allusion as well as the new techniques such as symbols, niqab, etc. Using these techniques, the poet seeks to convey a subject with maximum influence. Meanwhile, the contemporary poetry of Palestine has been the reflection of developments of a country in which numerous enemies have interfered following its occupation. These poets hold the US accountable for the majority of warfare and global issues, resulting in their attempts to visualize these notions within their poems.
Examinations showed that there has been numerous studies conducted in the area of visualization in Poetry; in a paper titled, “Visualization Methods and Psychological Implications of Modern Arabic Poetry in Yemen” (2012) written by Khalid Valid Hassan al-Gazali, first the concept of poetic imagery is expressed and then samples of simile, embodiment, mystery, and qena’a in contemporary poetry of Yemen are analyzed. In another paper titled, “The Image of Mayakovsky in the Poems of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas” (2012), the authors including Khalil Parvini, Hadi Nazari Monazzam, and Kaveh Khezri conducted a comparative examination of poetic imagery within the works of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas. In his Master’s thesis titled, “Poetic Imagery of Azzedine Mihoubi” (2010), Abdulrazzaq Belqais from Buzaria’a University (Algeria) examined the concept of poetic imagery within the old and new criticism followed by an investigation of the most important poetic imagery including mystery, myth, simile, etc. in poems of Azzedine Mihoubi.
Subsequently, given the absence of any inquiries on the techniques used in contemporary poems of Palestine to visualize the US, it is a new subject which involves scientific innovations and demonstrates the necessity of conducting the present study.
Method
With the purpose of examining and describing how the US is visualized in the works of Palestinian poets, the present study seeks to particularly investigate symbols and niqab as the most important techniques used to visualize the US within the modern Palestinian poetry using the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, samples taken from works of poets including Mahmoud Darwish, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Shafiq Habib, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Yousef al-Khatib, and Ibn Khaniyous.
Results and Discussion
In this study, a variety of diwans[1] by prominent Palestinian poets such as Kamal Qanim, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Shafiq Habib, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Mahmoud Darwish, Yousef al-Khatib, and Saleh Farwanah were examined. In the poems written by these poets, the US has a very destructive, negative image which are visualized in a variety of forms using different techniques.
Conclusion
These poets have offered such imagery using different techniques such as symbols and niqab; the US is symbolized as crocodiles, dogs, crows, wolves, vipers, and worn ropes so as to visualize the nature and main features of the US as a hypocritical, disgraceful, ominous, brutal, and dissolute nation and to show its tyranny and early collapse. The slaughter of Palestinian children on one hand and the condemnation of such cruelty by American authorities on the other hand are reasons why the “crocodile tears” was used as a symbol of the American hypocrisy. Dogs are regarded as a symbol of disgraceful Americans who have infiltrated the untainted sanctum of certain lands, while the crow symbolizes their ominousness and denotes the destruction caused by these people. The wolf is a symbol of their brutality in mass murders during wars, particularly in the Iraq war. The viper signifies the tyranny of the US who has devoured the entire world. Finally, the worn rope is a symbol of the early collapse of any covenants between the US and the occupying regime of Israel which is soon expected to break down.
Niqab is another technique employed by Palestinian poets to visualize the US. The US presidents were masked with images of Nero, the tyrant emperor and the insane Roman, in order to demonstrate their war-mongering attitude and Kaiser-like insanity in a broader sense. The Mongol Hulagu Khan is another niqab associated with the US which signifies the barbarity of the US against other nations, especially Iraq. The severity and multitude of the US’s offenses against other nations have resulted in these poets to associate the mask of Mars, the Roman God of War, with America to point out the country’s thirst for warfare, having gathered all of its focus on conflicts and hostilities. The tempting Satan is another mask associated with the US to point out its deceptive policies; policies through which it is attempted to entice Palestinians to leave their own lands.
Not only did the contemporary Palestinian poets have offered such imagery with respect to the interference of the US in Palestine and its arms and diplomatic support of Israel, but also with regards to the long, destructive Vietnam War, two wars in Iraq, interference in Cuba, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the slaughter of Native Americans, the slavery and torture of black people, etc.
[1]. A collection of poems.
ali asghar habibi
Abstract
One of the main features of contemporary poetry is to deal with various political, social and cultural issues around poet besides richness and personal aspects in art and indirect form. But in the meantime, the emerging technique of mask should be known as one of the most artistic areas of expressing ...
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One of the main features of contemporary poetry is to deal with various political, social and cultural issues around poet besides richness and personal aspects in art and indirect form. But in the meantime, the emerging technique of mask should be known as one of the most artistic areas of expressing poet concerns and emotions in human and objective form. Sayyab in line with other counterparts, with emphasis on three principles: the crucifixion, sacrificial system and life after death, aims to depict the torment that he has suffered for his nation doom in addition to Twin imaging and to depict this zeal yields. Then, Sayyab’s approach for Christ Symbol is two types: the first one that emerges in hope and optimism ways in his poems is in line with main theme of Christ myth that is zeal and resurrection. Sometimes he transform theme and main contents of myth in a artistic and reverse approach and gives new and contrary dimension to first one. Then, the triumph myth in his poem becomes a failure symbol. He does this in order to describe his contemporary poems experience that is resulted from the outer contradictions and inner turmoil in personal or human level.
