Literary Criticism
hojjat rasouli; sheler ahmadi
Abstract
The prominent critic of Arabic literature of the 4th century AH, Ibn Tabataba al-Alawi, in comparison with the works of his contemporaries and predecessors, in his work Ayar al-She’r, has a distinctive way of criticizing Arabic literature. Ibn Tabataba specifically dealt with poetry as an artistic ...
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The prominent critic of Arabic literature of the 4th century AH, Ibn Tabataba al-Alawi, in comparison with the works of his contemporaries and predecessors, in his work Ayar al-She’r, has a distinctive way of criticizing Arabic literature. Ibn Tabataba specifically dealt with poetry as an artistic industry and made the structure and order of poetry the main focus of his discussion, in such a way that through his statements one can see the subtle distinction between different types of literature such as verse, prose, poetry and the different foundations of literary works. Now, since Ibn Tabataba's focus is on the poetry industry and, on the other hand, some researchers believe that the old Arabic criticism is a form-oriented criticism, we are going to show what the critical opinions of Ibn Tabataba in Ayar al-She'r are, within the framework of the principles of Russian formalism; and how much it is possible to consider Ibn Tabataba as subject to this general rule and look him as a critic with a formalist approach. Also, to what extent the evidence available in Ayar al-She’r strengthens this hypothesis, that the ancient Arabic literary criticism is formalist criticism. Therefore, in this research, the critical opinions of Ibn Tabataba in the book Ayar al-She’r were discussed based on the main characteristics of the Russian formalism approach and, through the descriptive-content analysis method. The result of the research showed that Ibn Tabataba is at the head of critics who have a formalistic approach and his critical opinions strengthen this hypothesis, that the old Arabic criticism is a formalistic criticism.
Literary Criticism
rasool khammar; seyyed mahdi nouri; Abbas Ganjali; hossein shamsabadi
Abstract
In contemporary literature, poets, writers and artists have shown special attention to symbols in their literary works, including poems, stories, plays, etc. One of the manifestations of symbolism is the calling of various historical, religious, mythological, etc. figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. ...
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In contemporary literature, poets, writers and artists have shown special attention to symbols in their literary works, including poems, stories, plays, etc. One of the manifestations of symbolism is the calling of various historical, religious, mythological, etc. figures in contemporary Arabic poetry. A contemporary poet, like a historian, does not look at history only through the lens of historical data and their logical connection, but adds dimensions to historical characters from his own experiences and according to the current conditions of his society, and thus spiritual concepts and dynamic implications. It conveys what it wants to the mind of the reader. One of the characters that has a meaningful presence in the poetry of some contemporary poets is Meysam Tammar, the companion of the Prophet and the faithful friend of Imam Ali (AS). In the present article, the symbolic appeal of this character in the poetry of two contemporary Arab poets, namely " Jasim al-Sahayyeh " from Saudi Arabia and "Hasan AleHatit al-Amili" from Lebanon, has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. Since no research has been done on the invocation of Maysham Temar's character in contemporary Arabic poetry, it is important and necessary to investigate this issue. The results of the discussion show that Maisham's character traits such as righteousness, truth-telling, frankness of speech, persistence against oppressors and their scandalization have made contemporary poets, including the two mentioned poets, make his character the center of their poems. These two poets identified themselves with Maitham and called him in their poetry and tried to explain the problems and political and cultural disturbances of the society and their experiences, concerns and reform ideas beyond Maitham's personality.
Literary Criticism
simayeh nikfar; ardashir sadrodini; mostafa yegani
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is a systematic theory of Norman Fairclough, which is suitable for analyzing the works that are produced in close connection with the social and political conditions of the society, and it is remarkably effective for examining the way of recounting what is happening in the ...
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Critical discourse analysis is a systematic theory of Norman Fairclough, which is suitable for analyzing the works that are produced in close connection with the social and political conditions of the society, and it is remarkably effective for examining the way of recounting what is happening in the society. has it. This theory is used in three levels, description and formal investigation of the work in terms of vocabulary and interpretations, and in the level of interpretation, it is applied to discourse actions in the work and the extent of the influence of discourse or popular discourses and dominant hegemony, and in the level of explanation, it is the reflection of social actions. It deals with how social issues are reflected in the work. Shahd Al-Rawai, a young and novice Iraqi writer, has written two of his most important works in the second decade of the 21st century, and his first work, "Saat al-Baghdad" (Baghdad Clock) was praised by many critics and audiences. is aroused Considering the connection of the current novel with the political and social issues of the past and present decades of Iraq, especially the story of war and occupation, this article analyzes the critical discourse of the novel to discover the agency of social conditions and discourses generated by society. The result shows that the author of many of the formal and formal elements of the work was influenced by the unfortunate social conditions of war, siege and occupation with the focus of inciting the discourse of migration in the service of recounting the conditions of the society and creating a solution to solve its problem. It has become an active social actor that has the ability to reproduce and accompany the discursive process of the society.
Literary Criticism
Oveis Mohamadi
Abstract
Written by Sahar Khalifa, a Palestinian novelist, "Al-Sabbar" (wild thorns) reflects the mindset of the colonized Palestinians in the last decades of the twentieth century. The novel features many characters, each symbolizing a different aspect of the Palestinian mentality. Through a psychoanalytic reading, ...
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Written by Sahar Khalifa, a Palestinian novelist, "Al-Sabbar" (wild thorns) reflects the mindset of the colonized Palestinians in the last decades of the twentieth century. The novel features many characters, each symbolizing a different aspect of the Palestinian mentality. Through a psychoanalytic reading, one can better understand the hidden worldview of the novel and gain insight into the mentality of Palestinian society in the second half of the twentieth century.Based on Freud’s model, human beings’ psyche (conscious and unconscious) has three components. The first one is ‘Id’ which encompasses their primitive drives, pleasure instincts, and life drives. The child’s encounter with the realities of life results in the formation of its ‘Ego’ which is logical and realistic. Later, when its psyche develops, ‘Superego’ emerges out of ‘Ego’ which is the moralistic and idealistic dimension of the mind. It suppresses ‘Id’ due to its instinctive desires and censures ‘Ego’ for its occasional cooperation with ‘Id’.The current study assumes that three kinds of characters in the novel embody these three parts of the psyche. The masses and those who work in Israeli manufactures represent ‘Id’, as they have abandoned their ideals and solely think about their basic needs and survival. In this novel, Adel is a rationalist and realist responsible for organizing workers and their transfer to factories; thus he is presumed as a symbol of ‘Ego’. The character who embodies ‘Superego’ in this novel is Osama, constantly inviting Adel to idealism.Due to Adel’s influence over the masses, he requests Adel to encourage them to resist their Israeli factory owners. As a voice of rationalism and realism, Adel invites Osama to pragmatism. Throughout the novel, Adel dismisses Osama’s views; however, at the end of it all, Adel changes his standpoint transforming from ‘Ego’ to ‘Ideal ego’, resulting in his realistic viewpoint becoming an idealistic one.The evolved mentality at the end of novel is rational, idealistic and pragmatic - this is what Khalife wants for Palestinian people unconsciously.
Literary Criticism
Mina Mohammadi Saremi; Hosein Imanian; Abbas Eghbali
Abstract
"The Anxiety of Influence" is a theory proposed by Harold Bloom that discusses the effectiveness of poets. It is based on intertextuality and focuses on the relationship between contemporary poets and the past, as well as their fear of their own effectiveness. The theory suggests that poets modify their ...
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"The Anxiety of Influence" is a theory proposed by Harold Bloom that discusses the effectiveness of poets. It is based on intertextuality and focuses on the relationship between contemporary poets and the past, as well as their fear of their own effectiveness. The theory suggests that poets modify their speech in order to conceal their effectiveness and present themselves as creative individuals. This concern or fear of effectiveness is evident in many poems and reports from the third and fourth centuries of Arabic literature. This essay takes a comparative-analytical approach to examine the mindset of these composers by analyzing their poetic compositions, historical-literary reports, and the opinions of orators from that time period. It aims to explore their worries and concerns regarding topics such as innovation and imitation. Additionally, using Bloom's theory as a guide, it examines the strategies employed by Abou Al-Tayeb Motanabbi to present his historical statements in a new light. The research demonstrates that these composers' confrontations with the limited opinions of their predecessors and contemporaries are rooted in psychological impulses and mental worries, rather than personal competition or militancy. Furthermore, the rhetorical approaches used during that time period added to the psychological pressure they experienced. Therefore, further research is necessary. The composers mock others while boasting about their artistic talent, which reveals their anxiety and worry about efficacy. They employ techniques such as brevity, exaggerated imagery, reversing repetitive concepts, using distant metaphors, and implicit or explicit analogies instead of weak examples to make repetitive forms and objects feel fresh and establish themselves as innovative poets.
Literary Criticism
Razieh Nazari
Abstract
The time of narrative discourse is multidimensional and abnormal, creating scattered images to highlight the fictional concept. An idea refers to a dominant belief that results from repeating an image. The novel "Sleeping in the Cherry Field" by Iraqi writer Azhar Jerjis, nominated for the Arabic Booker ...
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The time of narrative discourse is multidimensional and abnormal, creating scattered images to highlight the fictional concept. An idea refers to a dominant belief that results from repeating an image. The novel "Sleeping in the Cherry Field" by Iraqi writer Azhar Jerjis, nominated for the Arabic Booker Prize in 2020, is an example of exile literary works. Its motif is the concept of the lack of individual identity in the shadow of homeland security, rooted in the idea of "desire for immortality". This current research is a qualitative and descriptive-analytical study based on library sources. It aims to discover the basis of the formation of the idea in "Sleeping in the Cherry Field", explain the relationship between time and personality traits, and determine the emotions emanating from the idea of immortality based on Gerard Genette's theory of narrative discourse in three themes: order, duration, and frequency. The application of this theory is necessary to prove the idea of narration as it highlights characteristics of the hero's character and emotions. The findings reveal that narrative structure as a labyrinth and fluid flow of mind create anachronisms in narrative discourse order. Its duration is based on dialogue, summarization, omission, and descriptive pause, while types of frequency including single, repeated, and repeating stories are used to highlight "desire for immortality". One result is a contrast between present and past as a basis for immortality. The protagonist's isolation in time creates emotions such as fear, hope, confusion, and disappointment.
Literary Criticism
Alaa Mahdi Mazhar Al-Breej; Hosain Sayyedi; Zargham Ghabanchi
Abstract
Employing myth is one of the aesthetic expressive tools used by modern poets in their poetry. Its use in modern poetry is so prevalent that it has become one of the most important phenomena in modern and contemporary literature, distinguishing it as a feature of modern literature. Almost every poetic ...
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Employing myth is one of the aesthetic expressive tools used by modern poets in their poetry. Its use in modern poetry is so prevalent that it has become one of the most important phenomena in modern and contemporary literature, distinguishing it as a feature of modern literature. Almost every poetic work contains symbolic and mythological references. In an attempt to find a style that harmonizes with nature, female poets often incorporate myth, creating metaphorical or miraculous images. Myths are present in the poems of women poets, and many of them utilize these myths to convey messages about their poetic conditions, as well as their philosophical and intellectual existence in life.This study adopts a comparative analytical approach to reveal the manifestations of myth in feminist poetry. The researcher sheds light on feminist literature and the influence of Western literature on Arab culture through a comparison between two examples of female poets from modern literature: Edith Sitwell (1887-1964) and Nazik Al-Malaika (1923-2007). The aim of this study is to explore the mythological content in the poems of contemporary female poets, specifically focusing on how myth is employed in modern feminist poetry and its intensive invocation between these two poets.The results indicate that there is an influence of Western literature on the poetic development of Nazik Al-Malaika, with evidence showing that Greek symbols dominate her poetic texts. Additionally, she incorporates some religious myths based on Christian narratives into her discourse. On the other hand, Edith Sitwell creates unfamiliar symbols and images from her own imaginative world.Through this study of the employment of myth in Arab and Western literature, the mythic image is manifested in the imaginative features of the two poets. This expression of artistic linguistic text is blended with elements that are relevant to reality. The present study represents the first attempt to explore this concept by examining both cultures. It becomes evident that the use of myth serves as a means to revisit the primal origins of life.
Literary Criticism
Neda Tasdighi Moakhar; Marzieh Abad
Abstract
Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling ...
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Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling of loneliness and has presented several treatment methods. Some psychologists, including Irvin D. Yalom, suggest existential therapy. Existential therapy is not a treatment method but a philosophical approach that affects counselors' and psychotherapists' work styles and performance.As a modern and possibly postmodern poet, Adnan Al-Saegh has expressed the state of human life in the contemporary period in some of his poems; Sadness, displacement, war, distance from the homeland, and loneliness are the most frequent in his poems, especially since the poet himself has experienced the taste of exile.In this essay, the authors have analyzed some of Adnan Al-Saegh's poems in the field of types of loneliness and ways to treat it with Ervin Yalom's existential approach; First, the poems are described with a descriptive and analytical method, and then they have expressed the similarities between the treatment methods of Ervin Yalom and Adnan Al-Saegh. The theme of loneliness in most of Adnan's poems is related to existential loneliness, which is more frequent than inner and interpersonal loneliness. In the same way, the methods of treating existential loneliness in his poems, such as taking refuge in fantasy and dreams, and turning to love and seclusion, have been manifested more in Adnan's poetry. These kinds of poems have helped the poet overcome this inevitable loneliness and provided his audience with clues and signs to curb this loneliness. In this sense, the current research can confirm the role of art in the field of therapy and help researchers in the field of art therapy.
