Linguistics
zahra haghayeghi; Marzieh Mabad
Abstract
Structuralism, a prominent method of literary criticism, highlights the crucial role of language in shaping literature, focusing on how linguistic structures contribute to meaning creation. This approach, rooted in the study of signs and symbols within language, examines texts not merely as individual ...
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Structuralism, a prominent method of literary criticism, highlights the crucial role of language in shaping literature, focusing on how linguistic structures contribute to meaning creation. This approach, rooted in the study of signs and symbols within language, examines texts not merely as individual expressions but as part of a broader system. Using this perspective, the current study delves into the famous ode Lāmiyyat al-‘Ajam by Ṭughrā’ī, applying Roman Jakobson’s theory of literariness. Jakobson’s framework emphasizes the distinctive use of language in poetry, differentiating it from ordinary speech through the deliberate deployment of various linguistic devices that enhance aesthetic and semantic impact.This research conducts a comprehensive analysis of Lāmiyyat al-‘Ajam, exploring its linguistic, literary, and intellectual dimensions. The study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these elements, demonstrating how they converge to create meaning within the poem. By utilizing descriptive analysis and statistical charts, the study provides a thorough breakdown of the poem’s structural components, such as its meter, rhythm, and phonetic patterns.The research highlights how the ode’s meter and rhythm harmonize with its themes, contributing to the overall emotional and conceptual resonance of the work. Although alliteration and assonance are not overwhelmingly present, they manifest subtly, contributing to the poem’s sound patterns through partial phonetic repetitions. Defamiliarization techniques, such as grammatical deviation, further emphasize the poetic nature of the text. Metaphor, identified as the most prevalent rhetorical device, reflects Ṭughrā’ī’s rich imagination and capacity for mental imagery, offering insights into his inner world. The poem’s linguistic and literary structure ultimately serves as a vessel for the poet’s thoughts and emotions, bringing depth and nuance to his intellectual reflections. Given its fame and literary significance, an in-depth structuralist analysis of Lāmiyyat al-‘Ajam enriches the understanding of its artistic and intellectual contributions.
Literary Criticism
Elham Khademi; Marzie Abad; Mohammad Javad Mahdavi; Mahdi Kermani
Abstract
In the present study, identity has been examined in two Arabic and Persian young adult novels based on Erik Erikson''s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, adolescence is the fifth stage of development, and the primary challenge of this stage is the identity crisis, although ...
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In the present study, identity has been examined in two Arabic and Persian young adult novels based on Erik Erikson''s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, adolescence is the fifth stage of development, and the primary challenge of this stage is the identity crisis, although not in its critical sense. The two novels studied are "Faten" by Lebanese writer Fatima Sharafeddin and "Hasti" by Iranian writer Farhad Hassanzadeh. "Faten" is set during the Lebanese civil war, while "Hasti" takes place at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, with young girls as the main characters in both stories. Sharafeddin''s young adult novels primarily focus on analyzing and critiquing the social situation in Lebanon, while Hassanzadeh''s approach in young adult novels is to empower and inform girls. This study highlights the significance of the adolescent stage and stresses the importance of establishing a successful identity during this period, pointing out literary researchers'' neglect of this stage. Therefore, this study aims to explore these two literary works using Erikson''s theory, a descriptive-analytical method, and a comparative literature approach.The research findings indicate that characteristics of adolescence in both novels can be categorized into three groups based on Erikson''s theory: Identity crisis; Identity-seeking, which includes identification, societal support, adolescents'' resistance to adult value systems, and love during adolescence; and Fidelity. By examining the role of identity and challenges faced by adolescents in these novels, it can be concluded that their main objective is to encourage young readers to develop a successful identity through education, learning, and interacting with knowledgeable individuals.
Literary Criticism
Neda Tasdighi Moakhar; Marzieh Abad
Abstract
Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling ...
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Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling of loneliness and has presented several treatment methods. Some psychologists, including Irvin D. Yalom, suggest existential therapy. Existential therapy is not a treatment method but a philosophical approach that affects counselors' and psychotherapists' work styles and performance.As a modern and possibly postmodern poet, Adnan Al-Saegh has expressed the state of human life in the contemporary period in some of his poems; Sadness, displacement, war, distance from the homeland, and loneliness are the most frequent in his poems, especially since the poet himself has experienced the taste of exile.In this essay, the authors have analyzed some of Adnan Al-Saegh's poems in the field of types of loneliness and ways to treat it with Ervin Yalom's existential approach; First, the poems are described with a descriptive and analytical method, and then they have expressed the similarities between the treatment methods of Ervin Yalom and Adnan Al-Saegh. The theme of loneliness in most of Adnan's poems is related to existential loneliness, which is more frequent than inner and interpersonal loneliness. In the same way, the methods of treating existential loneliness in his poems, such as taking refuge in fantasy and dreams, and turning to love and seclusion, have been manifested more in Adnan's poetry. These kinds of poems have helped the poet overcome this inevitable loneliness and provided his audience with clues and signs to curb this loneliness. In this sense, the current research can confirm the role of art in the field of therapy and help researchers in the field of art therapy.
Seyed Abbas Hoseini; Marziyeh Abad; Amir Moghaddam Mottaghi
Abstract
. If a poet or a writer seeks a mission in the creation of a work of art, the most important thing that must be considered is ethics. Due to the special ideological and political approach that Da'bal has, throughout history, his personality and poems have been criticized by various groups. A group, ...
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. If a poet or a writer seeks a mission in the creation of a work of art, the most important thing that must be considered is ethics. Due to the special ideological and political approach that Da'bal has, throughout history, his personality and poems have been criticized by various groups. A group, more and more intentionally, have ignored all his moral virtues and introduced him as a sinful personality. On the other hand, his proponents, by exaggerating and creating an ideal and prophetic character, have destroyed the character of the poet in another way. This duality in explaining the poet's personality has introduced the preconditions for the audience's confusion and has made them face a kind of doubt in recognizing different aspects of his personality. So the study, rather than focusing on the opinions of other researchers, who often mixed their research with bias, tried to focus on his Diwan, in order to study and analyze the most important components of ethics in both positive and negative aspects and to present a real picture of the poet's personality. The results of the research, which is derived from studying the poet's works, show that courage as a superior moral virtue is beautifully manifested in his poems. The poet has presented the manifestations of his courage by allocating a relatively large volume of verses. On the other hand, using the inappropriate language and words has caused degradation of the poet's personality.
Marziyeh Abad; Maryam kyani
Abstract
Khalil Havi is the renowned Lebanese poet who is famous as the contemporary philosophical poet in the Arab world for his profound poetry and their philosophical meanings. In addition to the philosophical aspect which differentiates him from other contemporaneous poets, it is in the realm of language ...
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Khalil Havi is the renowned Lebanese poet who is famous as the contemporary philosophical poet in the Arab world for his profound poetry and their philosophical meanings. In addition to the philosophical aspect which differentiates him from other contemporaneous poets, it is in the realm of language and the form of poetry where he appears as the outstanding figure. Havi’s “Lazarus 1962” is one of his best odes whose form, being in a deep correlation with its meaning, has been manifested in an admiring way. Due to great focus of most literary researches of Havi on content and meaning, it is needed to do a text-based research. In this article, applying a Formalistic and textual approach, the writers endeavor to investigate the literariness or in a sense the literary aspects of Lazarus ode, one of the most beautiful poetic artifice of Havi and also aim to clarify the miracle of Havi’s poems to advocates of Arabic poetry through the scope of poetic constructs like resurrection of the word and defamiliarization and explaining the importance of these two elements in transmission of meaning. In the light of the finding of the present study, it can be said that Khalil Havi could utilize linguistic structures in favor of meaning in the best way by having innovation in linguistic methods and use of literariness approaches; moreover, he could establish a firm linkage between language and meaning.
Zahra Rahchamani; Marziyeh Abad; Hasan Abdollahi; Seyed Hosein Seyyedi
Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 147-170
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Simile is one the most beautiful artistic expressions and statements of rhetorical science that augments beauty of meaning with various implications. Eloquent simile would be considered the most elegant and frequent ever invoked in Nahj al-Balagh's sermons, which ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Simile is one the most beautiful artistic expressions and statements of rhetorical science that augments beauty of meaning with various implications. Eloquent simile would be considered the most elegant and frequent ever invoked in Nahj al-Balagh's sermons, which embraces about two third of the sermons’ similes. Since the syntax is the basis of speech, and similes are presented in a variety of structures, each of them has a special function and implication. The present study is aimed to investigate the style of the simile of Nah al-Balaghah on the syntactic layer.
Theoretical Framework
The purpose of stylistic studies is to investigate literary texts to discover and explain their characteristics through the analysis of style making elements in order to indicate the personal style of the writer. A stylistic analysis text would divide the text into five layers including phonetic, lexical, grammatical, rhetorical, and ideological sectors.
One of the most important issues that is considered in stylistic analysis of a literary work is the analysis of syntactic (grammatical) features of the text or its syntactic style. In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.
In this paper, the syntax layer of the eloquent simile is considered in sentence structure and parallel forms. The eloquent similes in the Nahj al-Balagh sermons are in different positions, according to the role of the word and image. They have been located in six syntactic forms that this article was aimed to study them. The great work of Amir al-Mu'menin (peace be upon him) is abundant use of parallel (similar( structures.
Method
According to the extensive use ofsimiles in Nahj al-Balaghah andthe role of syntax in speech, the present study tried to investigate the style of similes in Nahj al-Balagh in syntactic layer through the descriptive-analytical method.
Discussion and Conclusion
Similes have been extensively used in Nahj al-Balaghah and this is suited to the ideology of sermons that are intended to persuade and guide people and introduce the speaker's thoughts.
Eloquent simile includes about two third of similes of the Nahj al-Balagh. This means that 66% of similes in Nahj al-Balagh are eloquent; whereas many of the similes used are plural simile, which means they have several images, and if any image is considered a simile, the number of similes will increase.
In terms of structural sentences, the eloquent similes have located in six syntactic structure regarding to the syntax role of the image, which are syntactic roles of absolute object predicate, added to likened, and type of expression, respectively. The structure of verb clause in the similes of the absolute object implies some kind of modernity. The repetition of the infinitive form produces a smooth music in addition to the emphasis in. In the similes that image is an informative sentence, the noun clause implies in stability. Hence, the similes used in these structures are also in line with Imam's goals. In most of the additional similes, sensory likened have been added to rational image. Also, most of the similes that are considered to the second object are plural simile.
Another syntactic and stylistic method used in Nahj al-Balagh is the abundant use of parallel structures. Parallel structures are made up of parallel forms connected by coordinate conjunctions and take an identical syntactic role. These structures have been used in two ways in sermons.
The first type of parallel structure is between two consecutive similes, which is the syntactic structure of the second simile that, in turn, is similar to the syntactic structure of the first simile. The second type, which is more frequent than the first type, is in plural simile, which parallel construct are between images used in the same structure. These structures have created some literary devices including repetitions, pun, rhyme and contrast in the similes that have led to their musicalization.
