Journal of Arabic Language & Literature

Abstract The novel has the capacity and potential of the thoughts, feelings and human noble ideals portrayed in the best way and with its own language and as a tool in the hands of its author expresses the concerns, hopes and treatinginjuries him. The novel "Hina tarakna al-jisr” Rahman Munif of novels that after successive defeats against Arabs in Israel, written and illustrated sufferings and aspirations of a people for freedom and truth seekers in this direction has been defeated and frustrated. Munif in “Hina tarakna al-jisr”in an artistic manner of instruments "description" is the most important tool used in every story and characters, time and place described in such a way that space in order to defeat and despair reigns Brrmansh necessary. Dygrtvsyfat hand in this novel because it interferes with subtle narrative description is simple, and it saves words on one side and on the other hand, Weber speed adds to the story is reader boring. We can say that an element described in "during Trkna Aljsr" Shnasyk is the functional beauty, the comment function at the same time contribute to the likelihood of events winners will play a good fight.

Abstract A social issue“criticism” was developed ina mannermore consistent andmore scientific with theemergence ofthe Frankfurt School, in the sociologyof literature. Asfouro Al-sharghnovel,which based oncriticalrealism, has been written due toreflectingcommunityconditionsto be targetedand to motivatingto warnabout global changeand“capitalismentry”, too. The studyaimed to explaincommittedauthors’approach “Tawfiqal-Hakim”encounter withtheevolutionof the society;soit becomesspecial significant how toexplain theauthor'sconcernswith respect tochanges inthe society’s advances,as well ashow processingthese concernswith the use oftechniquesto novelize. Thispaperhas used the descriptiveand analytical methodsbased onhistoricalmaterialismand psychology. Overall, this study showed thatTawfiqal-Hakim, who hasbeenwritingnovelsusingelements of, could predict crisisoriginating from capitalismand he introduced that thewayisa return to theEastauthenticidentity, to get rid of.

Abstract Shoshtari is one of the famous poets at 7 th centuty in andolucia. His poem has different language and structure among other poems. also his poems have mystical meaning he told these mystical meaning in Zajal and Movashah with different structure and popular way wich people liked them. He told these poems to people not to mystic people and gnosises. The main goal of this research is showing the innovations in mystical poem. Since first of all we show the Shoshtari,s location in arabic literature and then after telling his innovations in telling mystical meaning with popular and friendly way we will present the meaning of “Movashah” and “ Zajal” wich Shoshtari was one of their innovator and we will see the reflection of some samples in Movashahat and Zajals. Keywords: Shoshtari, Mystical poetry, Innovation, Movashah, Zajal.

Abstract In the current research, eight available full as well as partial Arabic translations of the Divan of Hafez have been compiled and introduced. The Arabic translators’ success in transferring Hafiz’s artistic plays and thoughts is investigated and the quality of understanding the poems and the stylistic distinctions of the translations in source and target languages are also dealt with. The article has also envisaged the motivation and point of view of each work and the translator’s approaches to the source text as literal, communicative and free translation. Drawing on different examples, the paper has tried to pursue the delicacies of each approach as well as the problem of consistency of the methods. Furthermore, the researcher has examined the quality of some figures of speech of Hafez’s poems as rhythm, allusion or cultural and historical references, tone, structural variation, etc. in the translations based on a descriptive-analytical methodology. While the priorities and merits of each translation are being investigated, some of the misunderstandings of the translators as well as the partial. Hafiz mostly finds a rigid personality in Arabic literature and the translations of him become less interpretable and enjoyable for the audience.

Abstract “Layla wa Madjnun” is one of the most prominence of lyric stories that is in it’s structure‚ content and motifs similar with “Orwe wa Afrae” story. Both of them are an appearance from Ozri love. Therefore this loving stories are fitting for comparison. Writers in this article intend to compaire‚descrip and analysis in this two stories; and show the most important features of Ozri love. Writers has used from approach of comparative criticism in America school. The article results show that the most important of contents of Ozri love in this stories are: to climb of love‚ effort for union‚ honest‚ visit of beloved‚ demand of help from close relatives and friends‚ endur of difficults‚ rival and helper‚ continuity of beloved rememberance in total of lover moments‚ loyalty to beloved until end of life‚ an image of despair state‚ demand of remedy and death in love‚ eternally of love and union in else world.

Abstract The fourth and fifth centuries AH are the golden era of Arabic poetry in Iran when we see a great movement in Arabic poetry across Iran.Although it is unknown why, Sistan in Iran had a great role in the development and prosperity of Arabic poems. But no investigation has been done about its role up to now. The presentresearch seeks topresent some topics of Arabic poetry in Sistanthrough exploring different aspects Arabic poetry and then exploring the topics and aesthetic elements in Arabic poems of Sistani people.

Abstract One of the main features of contemporary poetry is to deal with various political, social and cultural issues around poet besides richness and personal aspects in art and indirect form. But in the meantime, the emerging technique of mask should be known as one of the most artistic areas of expressing poet concerns and emotions in human and objective form. Sayyab in line with other counterparts, with emphasis on three principles: the crucifixion, sacrificial system and life after death, aims to depict the torment that he has suffered for his nation doom in addition to Twin imaging and to depict this zeal yields. Then, Sayyab’s approach for Christ Symbol is two types: the first one that emerges in hope and optimism ways in his poems is in line with main theme of Christ myth that is zeal and resurrection. Sometimes he transform theme and main contents of myth in a artistic and reverse approach and gives new and contrary dimension to first one. Then, the triumph myth in his poem becomes a failure symbol. He does this in order to describe his contemporary poems experience that is resulted from the outer contradictions and inner turmoil in personal or human level.

Abstract This article discusses the technical foundations of the prose poem and trying to look for common or similarity with the foundations of the Romantic school and its assets. The prose poem in most founded and doctrine meet romantic so that adopted it and benefited from his principles, and his roots and tried to improve it and makes it different from romance. Romantic school depends on in some of its poems on the trend contemplative, and mystical, and the call to revolution and rebellion on old limitations and destroying it and to the organic unity in the poem called by the romance for the first time in the literature. As he made statements for the first time for internal music , pictures, and called to the ease and simplicity of expression and closer to prose poetry , and these are the assets on which they prose poem depend on it and underpinning for but are evolution so that look very different with its romantic roots.