Journal of Arabic Language & Literature

research article Literary Criticism

Reflection of the Woman in Poetry of Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī and Khāqāni Shervani From the Perspective of Comparative Literature

Sayyed Mehdi Masboogh; Rasoul Fathi Mozaffari; Javad Mohammadzadeh

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.54775

Abstract

This article examines the views of two poets, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī and Khāqāni Shervani, towards women. Abū al-ʿAlā was a blind poet known for his pessimism, which led to his anger towards material life and its people, particularly women. In contrast, Khāqāni, a Persian poet recognized ... Read More

Original Article Semantics

Manifestations of Social Conflict in the Novel “Adrakaha Al-Nesian” by Sanaa Shaalan. Based on Lewis Coser’s Theory

Yousef Mottaqiannia; Abdolvahid Navidi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 21-37

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.2312-1354

Abstract

Many researchers and sociologists have sought to investigate social conflict, its phenomena, and its effects on human society. Coser, influenced by Marxist thought, emphasized that social conflict arises when incompatible goals—whether tangible or intangible—collide. Given the deep-rooted ... Read More

research article Linguistics

Functions of the Village in Mohammad Afifi Matar's Poem, Narrative Study in His Complete Poetry Collections

Shahriar Hemmati; Hamed Poorheshmati

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 38-58

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.75648

Abstract

The village holds a significant place in contemporary narrative discourse, showcasing its narrative essence through ballads and vivid imagery. Utilizing various conceptual connotations, the village adapts its functions based on the poet's interactions and his reliance on themes that relate either realistically ... Read More

research article Literary Criticism

The Working Woman in Khawla Hamdy’s Novels (The Novel Youth Dreams... Diary of a Muslim Girl, To Stay, Jasmine's is back as a Model

Mahmood Abdanan Mahdizadeh; Hasan Dadkhah Tehrani; Narjes Hashemi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 59-74

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.2401-1369

Abstract

Women are the foundation of every nation and civilization, holding a status and image that is as sacred as that of men. They are the birthplace of humanity and the originators of its generations, especially when their cause is linked to literature. Women serve as indispensable icons, particularly in ... Read More

Original Article Literary Criticism

Quranic Phenomenon in Modern Iraqi Poetry (Mahdi Al-Nahiri is an Example)

Abdul -Amir Deli Mejbas; AhmadReza Heidaryan shahri; Yahya Hassan Khudair

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 75-89

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.2212-1221

Abstract

The Quranic text represents one of the means through which the Creator expresses His creativity and shapes His messages, reflecting visions and patterns in accordance with the context of the Holy Quran. Given the significant and sacred role of the Holy Quran in human life, particularly for Muslims, many ... Read More

Original Article Stylistics

Reading the Image of the French Other Between the Negative and Positive Patterns in the Algerian Novel (Muammar Hajij’s Novels are an Example)

Dana Talebpour; salah Najmuddin Amin Majid

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 90-104

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv16.i1.2402-1385

Abstract

The dualism of the ego and the other is one of the most important topics of comparative literature, as this dialectical dualism refers mostly to class and civilizational conflict. To define the concept of the ego, there must be an ego/central ego through which we measure that other and recognize him. ... Read More The dualism of the ego and the other is one of the most important topics of comparative literature, as this dialectical dualism refers mostly to class and civilizational conflict. To define the concept of the ego, there must be an ego/central ego through which we measure that other and recognize him. The other means another person or a different group. The other is the being that is different from the ego, and it is a relative and moving concept, because the other is only determined by comparison to a central point, which is the ego. The other is a reflection of the ego, and the Algerian novel is filled with the image of the French other, who remained stuck in the minds of the Algerians and was embodied in their writings despite independence. Therefore, this attempt seeks, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to study the most important things that Muammar Hojeij adopted in his depiction of the French other in his novels and to highlight the patterns of this other between negativity and positivity through his depiction of French characters. The results indicate that Hajej relied in his portrayal of the French other on several conflicts: including the civilizational conflict existing between the West and the East, the conflict existing between the Algerian and French identity, which colonialism is trying to erase, and the existing conflict between French writers who are passionate about France’s interests and the rights of their people, who are enthusiastic about the liberation of Algeria, and who oppose the crimes of French colonialism. The Frenchman and the images of the French other in the novels are of two types: negative and positive. The image of the French officer has a superior look and is characterized by violence and cruelty, and an image characterized by pity for the prisoners and sympathy for them. The same goes for the image of the professor, which is of two types: negative. It tries to destroy everything related to the Algerian Islamic identity, Algerian culture, and positivity, as it supports all movements at the level of defending Algerian freedom and independence, as well as with regard to the image of the writer, as Camus looks down on Algeria. Algeria’s civilization, according to Camus, is what the Romans left behind and backwardness is all that is attached. With the Arabs and their faces, while Sartre, in the same novel, defends the Algerian cause with all his might, exposes the crimes of French colonialism, and denounces the silence on them.

Examining the Applied Meanings of Mazid Verbs in the Holy Quran (Case Study)

Volume 10, Issue 18 , February 2019, , Pages 37-64

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.v10i18.67463

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Given its transcendental reality, the holy Quran has been verbally manifested in the material world as it was descended upon humans, forming a text written in human language which includes articles, nouns, verbs, and sentences. Clearly, the truth that lies within ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Given its transcendental reality, the holy Quran has been verbally manifested in the material world as it was descended upon humans, forming a text written in human language which includes articles, nouns, verbs, and sentences. Clearly, the truth that lies within this book has resulted in Quran to be the subject of various studies through different approaches. One of the neglected subjects in the area of Quranic studies is the expansion of verbs’ semantic realm through transfer from abstract to mazid structures. Theoretical Framework Mazid verbs are constructed from abstract verbs through an increasing process observing the meaning. Such a process expands on the semantic realm of verbs and their diverse functions within rhetorical textures. The source of theoretical foundations and frameworks of this subject is the knowledge of morphology[1] (sarf) which is regarded as one of the Quranic sciences. Regarding the background of this study, it can be expressed that the subject has only appeared incomprehensively scattered in particular cases in interpretation works such as Tabarsi’s Majma’ al-Bayan, Zamakhshari’s al-Kashshaaf, Ibn Ashour’s al-Tahrir va al-Tanvir, Alusi’s Ruh al-Ma'ani and other earlier and later works of interpretation; there has been no other independent studies on this subject in the form of a paper or a book. It must be pointed out that even in the book, “Literal Interpretation of the Holy Quran” by Mahdi Islami Panah Yazdi which was written solely and expertly through a literary approach, there has been no mention of the meanings of mazid verbs. It is also worth mentioning that in his book, “The Impact of Literary Sciences on Understanding the Holy Quran”, Mohammad Fallahi Qomi has only specified three pages of the book to this subject and presented insignificant evidence from the Quran for five categories (baab) of trilateral mazid verbs without building on their functional meanings. Also in the book, “The Role of Literary Sciences on the Interpretation of Quran” by Ahmad Taherinia as well as another book by Javad Aaseh, “The Role of Syntax Sciences in the Interpretation of Quran”, both published by Imam Khomeini research and education institute in Qom, there has been no mention of this subject. Moreover, authors who have attempted to analyze and integrate the verses of the holy Quran in books such as “E’erab al-Quran va Bayanah” and “Jadval al-E’erab al-Quran”, etc., were not exposed to this subject. In addition, as far as it has been explored in this study, there has been no theses found to bear the title of “explaining the meanings of mazid verbs in the holy Quran” across university or seminary websites. Consequently, it appears that attending to this very subject independently is both necessary and beneficial, and could be considered as an effective step in asserting the role of literary sciences for interpreting the holy Quran. As an interdisciplinary activity, it could also be an effective action to bring the disciplines of Arabic language and literature and Quranic sciences closer together. Method The present fundamental, theoretical inquiry was conducted through the descriptive-analytical method. In this study, first the mazid verbs used in Quran were identified and categorized based on categories (baabs). Then, certain unknown meanings of them were analyzed in several cases. Findings The findings of this study can be investigated through a single basic rule; this rule states that, “Increase in the morphological structure of the word (verb), results in an mazid, expanded domain of the word’s meaning.” It is worth mentioning that the above rule holds true in the entire mazid verbs used across the holy Quran. Conclusion The purpose of this study which revolved around a theoretical, descriptive-analytical exploration of several cases regarding the functional meanings of mazid verbs used throughout the holy Quran, led to the following results: Quantitatively, more than 7000 forms of mazid verbs (derived from 800 paragraphs) are used in the holy Quran. This number is approximately equal to one tenth of all words in the holy Quran, and it is an umpteen number. Said verbs are used in trilateral and quatrain categories, with ef’aal and taf’eel being the most frequent. In terms of application, these verbs have majorly been used in their own main dominant meanings. The views of linguists and interpreters regarding the functional meaning of mazid verbs are parallel to each other and no significant difference was observed. Ultimately, it is recommended to examine the rhetoric applications of mazid verbs with regards to the present requirements.

The Psychological Comparative of Seght Al-Zand by Abul Ala Al-Ma'arri and Rudaki's Court Poet based on Max Lüscher's Theory

Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.v11i2.45820

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations, but works with languages and artistic traditions, so as to understand cultures from the inside. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that language is spoken. The characteristically intercultural and transnational field of comparative literature concerns itself with the relation between literature, broadly defined, and other spheres of human activity, including history, politics, philosophy, art, and science. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past 150 years or so. However, its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, 400 – 500 years BC. In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism and functionalism have since been replaced by several dominant and influential approaches to psychology, each one underpinned by a shared set of assumptions of what people are like, what is important to study and how to study it. Theoretical Framework An interest of psychology, and particularly applied psychology in the impact of color on human functioning has a long history; however, it has fairly limited research achievements. Some more systematic empirical studies in the field appeared at the end of the last century; however, many of them suffer from methodological shortcomings and fail to encompass a correlational analysis which is a norm in modern psychology. Therefore, it seems particularly worthwhile for us to present a comprehensive review of research to date in applied psychology dealing with the issue of color. The past decade has seen enhanced interest in research in the area of color and psychological functioning. Progress has been made on both theoretical and empirical fronts, but there are also weaknesses on both of these fronts that must be attended to for this research area to continue to make progress. In the following, I briefly review both advances and weaknesses in the literature on color and psychological functioning. Despite many methodological problems, colors have long been used in psychological diagnoses. Many instruments have been developed, such as the Max Lüscher color test (1971). It's common for a sighted person to wonder what blind people see or for a blind person to wonder whether the experience is the same for others without sight. There is no single answer to the question, "What do blind people see?" because there are different degrees of blindness. Also, since it's the brain that "sees" information, it matters whether a person ever had sight. A person who has never had sight doesn't see. People who have lost their sight have different experiences. Some describe seeing complete darkness, like being in a cave. Some people see sparks or experience vivid visual hallucinations that may take the form of recognizable shapes, random shapes, and colors, or flashes of light. A person who is born blind has dreams but doesn't see images. Dreams could include sounds, tactile information, odors, flavors, and feelings. On the other hand, if a person has sight and then loses it, dreams may include images. People who have impaired vision (legally blind) do see in their dreams. The appearance of objects in dreams depends on the type and history of blindness. Someone who is blind yet perceives flashes of light and color from Charles Bonnet syndrome may incorporate these experiences into dreams. Method The Lüscher Color Test, despite the remarkable ease and speed with which it can be administered, is a "deep" psychological test, developed for the use of psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and those who are professionally involved with the conscious and unconscious characteristics and motivations of others. It is NOT a parlor game, and most emphatically it is not a weapon to be used in a general contest of “one-upmanship.” The Lüscher-Color-Diagnostic measures a person's psycho-physical state, his or her ability to withstand stress, to perform, and to communicate. It uncovers the cause of psychological stress, which can lead to physical symptoms. Using 5015 precise definitions, the selections from among these pre-determined test colors measure the state of 34 personality traits, some of which lie outside the realm of the conscious. Because the color selections are guided in an unconscious manner, they reveal the person as he or she really is, and not as he or she perceives him - or herself, or as he, or she would like to be perceived, which occurs when questions are asked directly or by questionnaires. The test colors from the Lüscher Color-Diagnosis chosen based on favoritism. The test-taker chooses the card color they like best and then orders the rest from most-preferred to lease-preferred. Numbers are printed on the backside of each card, and after the test-taker orders them, the examiner turns them over and references an accompanying book that contains all of the different number combinations and their meaning. Lüscher argues that the subject's choice of color shows the state of their psychosomatic and emotional status and how they feel about themselves. Lüscher relates to his four fundamental colors to the following fundamental categories: Blue: Contentmen Feeling of belonging, the inner connection and the relationship to one’s partner. "How I feel towards a person that is close to me" Green: Self-respect Inner control of willpower and the capacity to enjoy. "The way I want to be" Red: Self confidence Activity, drive and the reaction to challenges. "How I react to challenges" Yellow: Development Attitude of anticipation, attitude towards future development and towards new encounters. "What I expect for the future" A 1984 comparison of the Lüscher color test and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory found little agreement between the two tests, prompting the authors to urge cautious use of the former Results and Discussion So the two most important observations of these two are: Desired Objectives, or Behavior Dictated by Desired Objectives. Suffering from pent-up over-stimulation which threatens to discharge itself in an outburst of impulsive and impassioned behavior. The Existing Situation, or Behavior Appropriate to the Existing Situation. 1st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without. 2st selection: Hopes to obtain an improved position and greater prestige, so that he can procure for himself more of the things he has had to do without. Characteristics under Restraint, or Behavior Inappropriate to the Existing Situation. 3st selection: Has high emotional demands and is willing to involve himself in a close relationship, but not with any great depth of feeling. Conclusion The results showed that among four Lüscher's Color Groups, the first and second in both poets are approximately similar. Accordingly, Ma'arri and Rudaki both were suffering from extreme provocations that had led them to separate from their society and they hoped to overcome a lot of their limitations, but Abol Ala despite of inner desires to intimate relationship, controls tightly his emotional relationships and only allows some people in his private domain that have perspective similar to him and think similar like him. And Rudaki tends to build social relationship and reveal his emotional relationship easily. He shows his unease because there are not enough responses to his needs of loving and understandings of mutual affections too.

The role of cohesion and its beautiful effects According to Halidy and Hasan

Volume 10, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 95-114

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.v10i19.66616

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Maqamah is a type of literary text that has enjoyed a broad and pervasive position in certain periods of Arabic literature; a number of notable writers such as Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, al-Hariri, etc. as well as Nasif al-Yaziji in the contemporary era have worked ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Maqamah is a type of literary text that has enjoyed a broad and pervasive position in certain periods of Arabic literature; a number of notable writers such as Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, al-Hariri, etc. as well as Nasif al-Yaziji in the contemporary era have worked in this area. Since the majority of sciences deal with literature, various aspects of text linguistics have formed a vast portion of linguistic studies. Halliday’s functional approach is one of the prominent theories in this area in which novel dimensions of text linguistics are analyzed based on its role or function. Albeit, there is an ongoing debate among critics regarding the level of cohesion in “Maqamat”. In this study, it was attempted to examine text cohesion factors and their concordance in Maqamah Saviyah al-Hariri in light of Halliday and Hasan’s theory. It is worth mentioning the fact that there has been numerous studies in the area of cohesion and Maqamat, yet there has been no research focusing on “cohesion” and “aesthetics” in “Maqamat al-Hariri” Review of Literature In their studies in 1976, the founders of text cohesion theory, Halliday and Hasan, examined texts and relations among sentences and named such connections as cohesion. According to the views of these two linguists, cohesion is a semantic concept which highlights semantic relations present in texts and specifies them either as textual or non-textual (Halliday, 1976). They indicated five factors including reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and conjunction as tools creating cohesion in texts; in this paper, conjunction is investigated. Method In this study, it is attempted to examine Maqamah Saviyah al-Hariri through the descriptive analytical method regarding conjunction, i.e. one of the factors for text cohesion, so as to provide answers to the following research questions according to statistics and analysis on the functions of conjunctive devices: Which one of these subcategories (additive, causal, adversative, and temporal) are more frequent in Maqamah al-Hariri? What impact has the author’s mastery of employing language capabilities and forming a rhythmic prose had on the aesthetics of the text’s cohesion? Results and Discussion As one of the elements of text cohesion, conjunctions involve the presence of sematic relations between sentences in a text which, according to Halliday and Hasan, can be classified into four types including additive, causal, adversative, and temporal. Being the eleventh “maqamah”, the story of Maqamah Saviyah takes place in Saveh cemetery (of which the name “maqamah” is a derivative) and entails a number of moral points. In the story, the protagonist arrives at the corpse being buried and following a shocking speech often accompanied by Quranic verses and hadith as well as rhetorical devices, similes, allusions and metaphors, he reminds people of bitter truths which persuades them to contemplate; he then fills his sack of gifts from the people and leaves the place. In the Arabic language, devices for these conjunctive elements include “واو، فاء، لذا، لأنّ، لکن، ثمّ...” which play a clear role in Maqamah and even daily spoken language, to the extent that textual imagination appears to be impossible without such devices; this is due to the fact that the presence of a relation between sentences is necessary for the text to become cohesive. It is worth mentioning that the most used additive device is the conjunctive, “واو”, which plays its role within independent sentences throughout the text and contributes to the text’s cohesion. Other devices such as “فاء” involve broader functions, playing a significant role in various areas such as additive, causal and conditionals; on the other hand, in addition to bringing conjunction to the text, conjunctive devices result in grammatical balance and phonetic unity in sentences, inducing certain musicality to the text which has led to the formal aesthetics along with an increased semantic power in the text. Conclusion According to the important results of the study, additive and adversative devices involved the highest and lowest frequency of use in Maqamah Saviyah with 64.4 and 2.3%, respectively, which is due to the descriptive nature of the text. Causal and conditional relations with 12.3% and temporal relation with a frequency of 18.8% connect the events of the story, denoting death and separation, similar to a chain. In other words, the story begins with death and separation and ends with the separation between the narrator and the protagonist, the former leaving from the right side towards southern winds while the latter, Abu Zeyd Sarouji going left towards the northern wind. In addition to bringing semantic cohesion to the text, the use of conjunctions have also enhanced the aesthetic aspects of Maqamah.

Deciphering Symbols in Mohammad Afifi Matar's Poems using Register and Categorizing them based on Daniel Chandler’s Literary Theory

Volume 13, Issue 4 , March 2022, , Pages 40-62

https://doi.org/10.22067/jallv13.i4.2102-1027

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to introduce Mohammad Afifi Matar as a poet and an author of several books who has a certain individual way of thinking and inciting poems which are all about using symbols and various rhetoric materials. He is one the poets who no longer use symbols in a literary matter ... Read More

Psychological Analysis of “The Negro” A Short Story from the Book: The Neighing of the White Steed by Zakariyya Tamer

Volume 4, Issue 7 , February 2013

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.v4i7.19807

Abstract

“The Negro” is a short story written by Zakariyya Tamer the Syrian writer based on surrealistic principles and is affected by Freud’s theories of the psychoanalysis. The narrative type in this story is stream of consciousness and the style of writing is based on unconsciousness ground. Thus, the ... Read More

research article

Study and analysis of the concept of literariness and its components from Adonis's point of view

somayeh Bigghalejogh; shossein seyedi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.2022.70431.1049

Abstract

The concept of literariness and its components is one of the most contentious issues in the field of literary criticism, which has yet to submit a definitive and specific definition, despite the efforts of many critics and literati; Adonis, a prominent Arab theorist, and critic, is one of the few critics ... Read More

research article

Reproduction of the crypts of the poem "All the things in our time are ta'wada" (based on Roland Barthes' theory of the five crypts)

Golafrooz Mohebi; rouhollah saiiady; Amirhossein Rasoulnia; Abbas Eghbali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.2023.75128.1107

Abstract

Structural criticism is one of the analyses that flourished in the direction of meaning generation in the 20th century following Saussure's semiotics. "Roland Barthes" - a French semiotician and theorist - is among the critics of structuralism, the importance of his theories is in the pursuit of evolution ... Read More

research article

A Cultural Criticism Approach toward Confrontation of Arab Implicit Cultural Patterns with Western Cultural Patterns in Cities of Salt, a Quintet by Abdul Rahman Munif

ali purhamdanian; hojjat rasouli; Amir Farhangnia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.2024.81873.1253

Abstract

Cultural criticism is one of the most important stages of critical maturity. Cultural criticism has been given direct attention to the issues and challenges that a person has faced in the struggle of changes and transformations in the contemporary world. The theory of cultural patterns, which seeks the ... Read More

research article

Analytical reading of the flashback technique in the al-fahres novel of sinan Antwan relying on Gerard Gennet’s theory of narrative

sanaz toghi; Amirhossein Rasoulnia; Ali najafi ivaki

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22067/jall.2024.87536.1405

Abstract

one of the basic foundations of every story is based on the element of time and basically the shape of every narrative is the drawing of events within the framework of time. But time confusion in narrating events sometimes replaces the usual and logical narration of the flow of a story. Sinan Antwan ... Read More