research article
Stylistics
Ali Haidari; Issa Mottaqizadeh; Seyyed Hossein Marashi
Abstract
Ahwaz has passed through different eras and regimes in history, and the literary rulers of those periods have played an essential role in enriching the literary heritage. Sheikh Khazal Al-Kaabi was the last of those rulers, and he extended his connections to poets and established literary councils in ...
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Ahwaz has passed through different eras and regimes in history, and the literary rulers of those periods have played an essential role in enriching the literary heritage. Sheikh Khazal Al-Kaabi was the last of those rulers, and he extended his connections to poets and established literary councils in his palace. He studied jurisprudence, memorized the Qur'an, and learned Arabic literature, which enabled him to compose poetry. His poetry was printed in two books: the first, "Al-Durar al-Hassan fi Manzomat Sheikh Khazal Khan", compiled by Abd al-Masih al-Antaky, which contains 448 verses attributed to Sheikh Khazal, and the second, "Riyadh Al-Khazaliyah in Human Policy", written by Sheikh Khazal himself, containing 263 verses. However, some writers, such as Kasravi, Al-Amin, and Aqabzurg Al-Tehrani, believe that this second book was written by Sheikh Khazal’s entourage and attributed to him for multiple purposes.The "Yule characteristic" measure, used by statistical stylistics scientists, helps determine whether a text can be attributed to the author or not. This study uses a descriptive-analytical and statistical approach to examine 400 names from the poetry of these two books, Al-Durar Al-Hassan and Riyadh Al-Khazaliyah, analyzing the frequency distribution of vocabulary between them to determine the ratio of Riyadh Al-Khazaliyah according to the Yule scale.The study found that the characteristic in Al-Durar (41.90) and in Riyadh (49.97) showed only a small difference, which suggests that both texts are likely attributed to the same author. The results also showed that the significance range between the two books was (8.07), which is a narrow range, further increasing the possibility of a unified source. Additionally, the average value was calculated as (1.12), which also enhances the probability that both texts share a common author. The graph showed that the distribution of name repetitions between the two books is very similar, reinforcing the likelihood that both sets of poems belong to Sheikh Khazal Al-Ka’bi
Original Article
Criticism schools
Parviz Ahmadzadeh houch; Jafar Amshasfand; Shahla Heidari
Abstract
In measuring the consistency of a text and proving its textuality, one of the most prominent elements is the element of reference. This element involves linguistic and grammatical explanations that analyze the text and harmonize its components to reveal the scope of its semantic concepts. Its role is ...
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In measuring the consistency of a text and proving its textuality, one of the most prominent elements is the element of reference. This element involves linguistic and grammatical explanations that analyze the text and harmonize its components to reveal the scope of its semantic concepts. Its role is to clarify the meaning of the text by using linguistic schemes as tools for revealing and proving the text’s coherence. Reference, therefore, is one of the most important tools for showing the hidden relationships within a text and demonstrating its coherence. In this process, the words in the text are connected to each other linguistically and grammatically. Reference appears through pronouns, demonstrative nouns, relative nouns, and comparatives.This research, using a descriptive and analytical approach, investigates how the element of reference operates in the poetic texts of Adonis (including "This Is the Name" and other poems), and its role in ensuring the coherence of the text. The study reveals that external references in Adonis’s poetry often reflect events from the surrounding world, with specific references to characters in many of his poems. These references appear most frequently in the first and second person pronouns, and because of their stronger effect on text cohesion, they are used in specific contexts. The study also found that reference is one of the most powerful elements in the text, as it enhances textual coherence. The textual criteria in Adonis’s poetry are present in varying ratios between linguistic and pragmatic elements, creating harmony across the poetic sections.In the structural analysis, the flexibility of Adonis’s poetic language was revealed, as the systematic relationship between linguistic elements in his poems defies conventional lexical rules. Regarding the comparison between the elements of substitution and reference, the study concludes that reference takes precedence over substitution due to its more prominent role in establishing coherence in these poems.
research article
Literary Criticism
ali purhamdanian; hojjat rasouli; Amir Farhangnia
Abstract
Cultural criticism is one of the most important stages of critical development due to its role in directing thought towards the issues and challenges that humanity has faced at the heart of modern developments, with literature being no exception. The theory of cultural patterns seeks to explore the relationship ...
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Cultural criticism is one of the most important stages of critical development due to its role in directing thought towards the issues and challenges that humanity has faced at the heart of modern developments, with literature being no exception. The theory of cultural patterns seeks to explore the relationship between the ingrained, underlying patterns in human culture and literature. This is one of the most important branches of literary criticism in Arab culture, a field to which Abdullah Al-Ghadhami has directed attention.Abdul Rahman Munif's Quintet Cities of Salt is one of the most significant Arabic literary works that provides a depiction of the dialectical relationship between the Arab world and the West. This literary work addresses important cultural and social issues that cannot be fully explored except through the lens of cultural criticism.This article attempts to explore the controversial Western cultural patterns in Cities of Salt and how they interact with the Arab cultural patterns. The researchers examine the stance of Arab characters and their patterns regarding the cultural traits of the Other, using a descriptive-analytical approach based on critical cultural analysis and the general framework of Abdullah Al-Ghadhami's theory of cultural patterns.The importance of studying Cities of Salt from this perspective lies in the Arab-Western confrontation that shapes the plot of the novel, presenting a rooted opposition and conflict in reality, and addressing the crises and struggles faced by Arab countries in their interaction with the Other.This study aims to uncover the most influential and controversial Western cultural patterns from the Arab perspective, as well as to illustrate how Arab characters and their cultural patterns react to those of the Other. One part of the findings reveals that the Western technological pattern confronts the implicit mythological Arab pattern, while the Western modern social pattern meets the Bedouin pattern. These are among the most controversial Western cultural patterns, as the technological patterns of the West are interpreted through the lens of Arab mythological patterns, highlighting the significant role of mythological patterns in Arab culture. Furthermore, the Bedouin patterns attempt to interpret the Western modern social patterns.Additionally, the Arab view of the Western Other is not one of exploratory curiosity but rather a reflection of Arab characters' efforts to interpret Western patterns, driven by a desire to protect their own underlying cultural patterns and preserve their integrity in the face of the Other.
research article
Semantics
Ali Saki; MohamadJavad EsmaeilGhanemi; Sohad jaderi
Abstract
The symbol, in its various rhetorical and expressive uses, is a significant tool for expressing the poet’s intellectual positions and conveying emotions. A committed poet, when using allusive expressions and ironic terms to introduce his beloved characters and places instead of directly stating ...
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The symbol, in its various rhetorical and expressive uses, is a significant tool for expressing the poet’s intellectual positions and conveying emotions. A committed poet, when using allusive expressions and ironic terms to introduce his beloved characters and places instead of directly stating them, usually employs these expressions to enrich his poetic text. Such characters and places hold a special place in the poet’s heart. From this standpoint, the committed poet Seyyed Abd Al-Muttalib Al-Hilli extensively uses religious symbols to express his intentions, including the character of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), his family, and the religious figures of his time. The characters and sacred places represent great historical events, such as Ahl al-Bayt, the incident of Karbala, and Madinah al-Munawwarah. In this context, some symbols are clear and direct, while others are allusions, expressed through the use of nicknames, titles, and special traits.In analyzing this poet’s works, we find prominent religious symbols such as Bani Al-Huda (Children of the Prophecy), Sibat Muhammad (Grandson of the Holy Prophet), Karbala, Al-Razi (The Infant), Haram Allah (God’s Sanctuary), Banat Al-Mustafa (Daughters of the Prophet), Asad Allah (Lion of God), Hulum al-Nabal (Bayonets), Rabbah Khedr (The Hijab Cultivator), Rabbah Kour (Captive on top of Kajaveh), members Al-Nubuwwa (Figures of Prophecy), Hami al-Haqiqa (Guardian of the Truth), Kashshaf al-Mulimmat (Solver of Problems), Bassam al-Ashiyyat (The Broad-faced), Aba Salih, Rukn al-Din (The Pillar of Religion), Kafiil al-Aytam (Guardian of the Orphans). These symbols, with their historical and religious connotations, enhance the evocative power of the poems. The characters and sacred places referred to in the verses strongly influence the poet's thoughts, language, and emotions, which in turn have a direct impact on the reader and listener.This article aims to explore the religious symbols in Abd Al-Muttalib Al-Hilli’s poems, focusing on religious figures and sacred places. Using a descriptive-analytical method, we examine the verses that refer to these symbols and analyze the meanings they convey.Some findings suggest that the poet effectively uses symbolism and irony in expressing religious symbols. The characters and places referenced often symbolize resistance, steadfastness, and the struggle against oppression.
Original Article
Linguistics
Ali Bagheri; Aliakbar Noresideh; Ali Zeighami
Abstract
Communicative implication is a pragmatic approach that examines meaning through the use of language. This theory goes beyond the structure and components of language, exploring the role of language in the context, surrounding conditions, and the relationship between the speaker and listener. The theory ...
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Communicative implication is a pragmatic approach that examines meaning through the use of language. This theory goes beyond the structure and components of language, exploring the role of language in the context, surrounding conditions, and the relationship between the speaker and listener. The theory of communicative implication is based on the principle of cooperation proposed by Paul Grice, which asserts that participants in discourse must adhere to certain rules. These rules include: the rule of quantity, the rule of quality, the rule of relevance, and the rule of manner. Observing these rules leads to a balance between the literal meaning and the implicit meaning of a discourse. However, when any of these rules are violated, the speech leans toward its implicit and hidden meanings.Nahj al-Balagha uses dynamic discourse, where language is employed functionally and communicatively. Therefore, understanding its meanings requires careful consideration and an appropriate theoretical framework. This article aims to explore the implicit intentions and meanings in the political letters of Nahj al-Balagha by applying the analytical descriptive method and using the four rules of Grice's principle of cooperation. The study investigates how the letters employ these communicative strategies and the resulting implicit meanings that violate the cooperation principle.One of the key findings of this research is that the language in Imam Ali's letters is not just a collection of sentences and parts of speech, but serves a practical communicative role, revealing implicit intentions. These implicit intentions are expressed using a suggestive strategy that violates each of the four rules: quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. This violation generates meanings that are not explicitly stated, such as threats, warnings, guidance, and reminders, which are conveyed indirectly and require interpretation.
research article
Literary Criticism
Abdulaziz َHamadi; Naser Zare; Rasoul Balavi
Abstract
Poetic beginnings are a starting point for entering the text and are considered one of the most important elements in poetry, forming the cornerstone for the structure of the poem. Since the early literary era, preludes have held significant importance for Arab poets, especially in the pre-Islamic period, ...
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Poetic beginnings are a starting point for entering the text and are considered one of the most important elements in poetry, forming the cornerstone for the structure of the poem. Since the early literary era, preludes have held significant importance for Arab poets, especially in the pre-Islamic period, with poetry's preludes often based on standing upon ruins and lyrics. In the Abbasid era, preludes and lyrics continued to be important. In contemporary Arabic poetry, however, the beginnings have evolved according to the ideas of poets. The introduction of the four seasons of the year in contemporary poetry is, therefore, a prominent phenomenon.Badr Shākir al-Sayyab is a poet deeply influenced by the nature of his surroundings. He draws inspiration from palm trees, rivers, springs, plains, gardens, and the four seasons, expressing these elements indefinitely in his poetry. The poet has a season that begins in harmony with his spirit. This study aims to explore how the poet begins each of his poems with a reference to a season or an element of nature. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method, and it will analyze the poetic beginnings in al-Sayyab’s "Flowers and Myths", examining how the poet employs these beginnings and their connection to the poet’s moods.One of the most important results of this study is that most of the motifs in "Flowers and Myths" begin with direct or indirect seasonal preludes, and these preludes are fully contextualized within the themes of the poems. It is found that the seasons in the poems are appropriate to both natural and spiritual implications, serving as a symbolic code pointing to the underlying meanings of the text.
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